Hk-Disney Syndication by Chase - 3889 Words

Chase’s Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Disneyland Loan Group 15 XIA Yidan, ZHANG Kuo, ZHU Shihuai, WANG Qian 2012 acer CHUK 2012/9/24 Chase’s Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Disneyland Loan Group 15 XIA Yidan, ZHANG Kuo, ZHU Shihuai, WANG Qian 2012 acer CHUK 2012/9/24 How should Chase have bid in the first round competition to lead the HK$3.3 billion Disneyland financing (Bid to win or bid to lose?) In the first round of competition, there are 17 banks competing to propose a mandate for syndication. How should Chase make the proposal to Disney depend on the following respects: (1) Disney’s requests (2) Evaluation of the returns and risks. Based on the previous two parts, design the†¦show more content†¦Second we analysis the macro economy of HK and the anticipated effect on Disney HK’s operating profits. As the â€Å"tiger† of Asia, Hong Kong has a free market economy—low taxes, unrestricted capital movement, stable HK$ linked to US$. What’s more, HK’s economy was based on services, tourism and trading. According to data in Exhibit1, the number of visitors is 1570 times its local population in 1999, with an amount of 10.7 billion. Although we see the financial crisis had an impact on tourism, but it recovered quickly—from 11.7 billion in 1996 to 9.6 billion in 1998 then back to 10.7 billion in 1999. We anticipate a furthe r recovery as the economy warm up. As a tourist resort, Hong Kong Disneyland has high profit potential. In a word, the relative exposure of credit risk is low. * Syndicate risk Hong Kong Disneyland asked for full-underwriting. If the syndication is not successful—under subscription, Chase would end up holding too much loans and higher credit exposure to the project. For example, if there is only one arranger and single-stage general syndication, the max exposure of Chase would be the total amount $HK 3.3 billion—in an extreme case when nobody comes to commit for the loan. However, a senior HK government official underscored the government’s commitment to the project at Asia Pacific Loan Market Association Conference, there is a high potential of success syndication since other banks observed the government’s backing on this project. What’sShow MoreRelatedCahse Manhattan Bank: Hong Kong Disneyland1416 Words   |  6 PagesMF 820: Management of Financial Institutions Hong Kong Disneyland Finance Ron Shell Jiang Jiang Zhaojie Wang On August 10th 1999, Disney awarded the sole mandate to Chase Manhattan Bank for the Hong Kong Disneyland financing of HK $3.3 Billion. We believe this decision was beneficial for both parties. For Chase, the rewards included underwriting fee, interest payments, being a part of a big loan-financing project in Asia and developing networks and relationships with Asian governmentsRead MoreCase Study Chase’s Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Disneyland Loan2763 Words   |  12 Pagesamong corporations to finance their projects. This report aimed at evaluating the process by which Chase Manhattan Bank (â€Å"Chase†) syndicated the HK$3.3 billion Hong Kong Disneyland financing. To begin with, a detailed analysis of the first-round bidding concerns will be provided, followed by a discussion on the ‘market flex’ terms in the standard commitment letter. After that, alternative syndication strategies will be examined, supplemented with the risk-return trade-offs of different structuresRead MoreCase Study: Chase’s Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Disneyland Loan (a)2374 Words   |  10 PagesKong Disneyland Loan (A) Q1. How should Chase have bid in the first round competition to lead the HK$3.3 billion Disneyland financing? 1.Three ways to approach this deal 1) bid to win, 2) bid to lose and3) no bid. Chase chose to bid to lose on the first round, but just enough to make it to the short list. Also, since Chase is one of  Disneys relationship banks, Chase would not want to ruin this relationship by not bidding on their project. If Chase wanted to lead the competition from the firstRead MoreChases Strategy of Financing Hong Kong Disney4732 Words   |  19 Pagesassets and market capitalization, JPMorgan Chase is a major provider of financial services with assets of $2 trillion and according to Forbes magazine is the world’s largest public company based on a composite ranking. Being one of Disney’s top 10 relationship banks, Chase was the third largest bank in the United States with more than $400 billion of assets and $175 billion of loans in 1999, and was a leader in the field of syndicated finance. In 1999, Chase was the lead arranger for 34% of totalRead MoreChase’s Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Disneyland Loan1161 Words   |  5 Pages1. Chase should have bid for the loan mandate in such a way to maximize the investment fee income after controlling for risks involved, and the client’s preferences for syndicated loan. Thus. Chase faced a trade off between Risks and rewards. We have to weigh out the risks with rewards as below Risks Involved †¢ Credit and Downgrade risk – This arises from the level of exposure that Chase would take in the HK$3.3 billion loan. Usually they put a limit of 10%. Thus Chase had to bid in such a wayRead MoreChase Disney Case1835 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Chase-Disney Hong Kong Syndication Q1. How should Chase have bid in the first round competition to lead the HK$3.3 billion Disneyland financing? Why Chase initially intended to bid-to-lose? 1. The syndication term is long-term, 25 years tenor which banks did not like, and not as per the norm of the region’s syndications’ usual tenor of 3-5 years. 2. Disney land Paris struggles were still fresh in memory, and raised the default risk concerns for sponsors 3. 3 lead arrangers condition by the sponsorRead MoreChases Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Disneyland Loan 2017 Words   |  9 Pages3035161097; KUTUZOVA, Ekaterina 3035162156; Disneyland - Chase Case Study Q1: How should Chase have bid in the first round competition to lead the HK$3.3 billion Disneyland financing? After being approached by Disney to raise HK$3.3 billion nonrecourse loan package on a fully underwritten basis, Chase had three options available to approach the deal: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · No Bid Bid to Lose Bid to Win Initially Chase decided to Bid to lose because Disney had been their important client however the deal did notRead MoreChase’s Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Dis2615 Words   |  11 PagesThus, Chase had mainly three kinds of concern at that stage: risk, profit and reputation. Reputation From Exhibit 6, there is no doubt that Chase was the top bank in syndicated finance in the US and over the world. However, it recorded limited performance in Asian market though Chase had put numerous resources into its global group. At the same time, Chase was among Disney’s top relationship banks and Disney as well as its project in Hong Kong had a noticeable market signal. Thus, Chase should

The Work-Meaning Connection Essay examples - 1646 Words

The Work-Meaning Connection Several years ago, a Wall Street Journal/ABC News poll reported that nearly 50% of all those working in the United States would choose a new type of work if they had the chance (Warshaw 1998). Why do so many people feel dissatisfied with their work? The answer is complex and multifaceted. We live in an age where work has become more personal than ever—when who you are is what you do—a deeper source of personal satisfaction than ever (ibid., online, n.p.). Many are reexamining their careers in light of the growing realization that work should be more than a job. Instead of listening to internal signals, many individuals make choices about work and careers on the basis of external criteria such as income†¦show more content†¦Part of this tradition was measuring job satisfaction through a positive evaluation of individuals attitudes toward their jobs. Career satisfaction measures concentrated on correlating external job factors with global measures of satisfaction (Henderson 1999-2000; Savickas 2000). Job satisfaction also depended on an individuals ability to recognize and follow his or her interests (Henderson 2000). According to Henderson (1999-2000), when the popular literature began suggesting deeper meaning in work†¦these traditional studies and assessment techniques began to have an empty ring for both individuals and career development professionals (p. 6). In response to the need to address the evolving concept of meaningful work, a new construct known as career happiness has emerged (Henderson 1999-2000, 2000). As defined by Henderson (ibid.) and a number of colleagues (see the Winter 1999-2000 issue of Career Planning and Adult Development Journal), career happiness results when individuals find or develop careers that allow them to express their core identities and values, that tap intoShow MoreRelatedValue and Meaning in Rober Nozick ´s The Examined Life Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesValue and Meaning and how we use their definitions in the dimension we know to be as reality. Value, defined by Nozick, is a word that gives an object meaning to a person or something that has one’s own intrinsic specialty. Meaning on the other hand, is defined to be having a connection beyond the boundaries of value. Both words can relate to each other and yet still have much more meaning than the definitions that are provided. Looking furt her into Nozick’s observations of value and meaning, thereRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus Essay1546 Words   |  7 PagesRoland Barthes once said, â€Å"Literature is the question minus the answer† (Barthes 2). This statement hold true for most works of literature that explore a central question. According to Barthes, literature often raises a question, but leaves it up to the reader to determine the answer. The Stranger by Albert Camus is an excellent example of how a central question, â€Å"Is there value and meaning to human life?† is raised and left unanswered, resulting in different interpretations of the answer, depending onRead MoreReflection On A Teaching Strategy882 Words   |  4 Pagesmy students are not able to reflect and make the connections that their grade in my class is linked to their actions in class. Similar to most teachers, at the end of a semester I have several students that want extra credit to improve their grade last minute. T hese are the same students that do not understand the relationship between their work ethic in class and their grade at the end of the semester. This relationship between grades and work is important for my students to understand. ThisRead MoreBusiness1053 Words   |  5 Pagesand co-curriculum, from making simple connections among ideas and experiences to synthesising and transferring learning to new, complex situations within and beyond the campus. Task The Critical Reflection offers students the opportunity to critically reflect on their learning experiences both in the course and across their program. Students are required to develop a 3000 word (or equivalent) reflection in which they are encouraged to reflect on connections between the learning gained in classroomRead MoreSummary Of The Figure A Poem Makes By Robert Frost996 Words   |  4 PagesThe works of poet Robert Frost may at first appear simplistic, but upon a second glance, there is more to be seen. The works of Frost â€Å"can be seen as a thoughtful reply to high modernism’s fondness for obscurity and difficulty† (Baym 218). The purpose of t his paper is to analyze Frost’s own work through applying his personal philosophies regarding the true nature and purpose of poetry upon his own poem â€Å"Out, out-†. To truly analyze the poem â€Å"Out, out-† through Frost’s own ideology of the nature ofRead MoreHow Photography Has Changed Our Lives902 Words   |  4 Pagesonce said â€Å"One can play a game of inventing meanings.† He was conveying the idea that when one person interprets a photograph to have a particular meaning, the same picture might have a varying level of significance to another person. In our culture today photographs take on many roles, both traditional and new. They are used to tell a story and are a port into a particular moment. Photography allows us to see past initial perceptions and make connections to our everyday lives. All photography is subjectiveRead MoreIs Photography A Game Of Inventing Meanings902 Words   |  4 Pagesonce said, â€Å"One can play a game o f inventing meanings.† He was conveying the idea that when one person interprets a photograph to have a particular meaning, the same picture might have a varying level of significance to another person. In our culture today photographs take on many roles, both traditional and new. They are used to tell a story and are a port into a particular moment. Photography allows us to see past initial perceptions and make connections to our everyday lives. All photography is subjectiveRead MoreHow Poems Create Thoughts And Thoughts1360 Words   |  6 Pagesalmost in a lyrical and musical type of way. Today’s modern poems are much different because they incorporate different types of techniques and literary ways of making a piece of writing into a poem. Through poetry many poets tend to have a deeper connection with themselves and their readers because they express their thoughts, feelings and memories through their close selection of words. Many people believe a poem should be c omposed of a specific and limiting number of lines and techniques. Poems suchRead MoreThe Deterioration Of The Ramsays Summer Home1370 Words   |  6 Pagesdeaths in a completely detached manner adds to the novel’s nature that characters that feel unconnected to each other and that their lives lack meaning. As stated previously, as Europe begins to fall apart, the Ramsay family falls apart as well. This series of devastating events leads to a change in the way the characters go about finding connection and meaning through readings and also affects how accurately they read. In order to deal with the losses of the three Ramsay s and the remaining Ramsay’sRead MoreVisual Communication : Emanuele Dascanio1582 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretations of meaning depend on the beliefs and attitudes of the specific individual. One artist, Emanuele Dascanio, is an artist whose work demonstrates numerous aspects of visual communication. The works are intriguing because of the h yperrealistic feel they embody. There is a pull and desire for one to engage with the works because they are not abstract pieces but extremely real and detailed ones. While many people may strongly appreciate the talent of Dascanio’s work, few take time to

Andrew Jackson and the Trail and Tears Essay Example For Students

Andrew Jackson and the Trail and Tears Essay Andrew Jackson and the Trail of TearsThe Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians was written by Anthony F.C. Wallace. In his book, the main argument was how Andrew Jackson had a direct affect on the mistreatment and removal of the native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory. It was a trail of blood, a trail of death, but ultimately it was known as the Trail of Tears. Throughout Jacksons two terms as President, Jackson used his power unjustly. As a man from the Frontier State of Tennessee and a leader in the Indian wars, Jackson loathed the Native Americans. Keeping with consistency, Jackson found a way to use his power incorrectly to eliminate the Native Americans. In May 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed into law the Indian Removal Act. This act required all tribes east of the Mississippi River to leave their lands and travel to reservations in the Oklahoma Territory on the Great Plains. This was done because of the pressure of white settlers who wanted to take over the lands on which the Indians had lived. The white settlers were already emigrating to the Union, or America. The East Coast was burdened with new settlers and becoming vastly populated. President Andrew Jackson and the government had to find a way to move people to the West to make room. In 1830, a new state law said that the Cherokees would be under the jurisdiction of state r ather than federal law. This meant that the Indians now had little, if any, protection against the white settlers that desired their land. However, when the Cherokees brought their case to the Supreme Court, they were told that they could not sue on the basis that they were not a foreign nation. In 1832, though, on appeal, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokees were a domestic dependent nation, and therefore, eligible to receive federal protection against the state. However, Jackson essentially overruled the decision. By this, Jackson implied that he had more power than anyone else did and he could enforce the bill himself. This is yet another way in which Jackson abused his presidential power in order to produce a favorable result that complied with his own beliefs. The Indian Removal Act forced all Indians tribes be moved west of the Mississippi River. The Choctaw was the first tribe to leave from the southeast. Three years later the Chickasaw joined them. The Creeks were forced off their land in 1836. In the spring of 1838, the Cherokee became the last of the great southeastern nations to leave their eastern lands. In 1838 and 1839, the United States Army removed the Cherokee people by force with dragnets and held in wooden stockades, except for a few hundred that hid in the mountains in North Carolina. The Cherokees could take only what they could easily carry. The items that a few did take were often ordered to be left behind along the way. People were driven off their land at bayonet or gunpoint. Many of the old and the children died on the road due to the pace, exposure and bad food. They traveled by walking, sometimes without shoes or moccasins, horses, or covered wagons. Transportation was given only to those who could pay for it. Their clothing was thin and their bedding was light. There was not much medical attention because it took them so long to travel this trail. What food supplies were given had been rejected by the whites. Rotten beef and vegetables were the main provisions. The journey on which the Indians traveled brought many deaths. Approximately four thousand of the thirteen thousand Cherokees died on their way due to exposure to the bitter cold, disease, and starvation. This trail was better known as the Trail of Tears. .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd , .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd .postImageUrl , .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd , .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd:hover , .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd:visited , .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd:active { border:0!important; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd:active , .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b46d66d4d13c7f7ee227d4425639fcd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ged Language Arts Essay The hardships of the Indian Nations were due to the signed Indian Removal Act that resulted in the Trail of Tears. Anthony F.C. Wallace believed that Jacksons personal emotions toward the Indian Nations directly contributed to the pain and suffering that the Indians had to endure throughout the Trail of Tears. Wallaces facts and point of views are credible because his is a well-known historian as well as a psychological anthropologist. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1950 and taught there from 1951 to 1988. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Growth of an American Village in the Early Industrial Revolution (1978) was one of his most important works. In his other books he compares religion as a movement of social revitalization among the American Indians and in modern times. Wallace made on interesting comment when interviewed by Robert S. Grumet. He stated, things like unfair treaties, the Trail of Tears, and The Black Hawk War, for instance, remain part of Now from which many Native Americans view their place in time today. His words ring so true because even today many Native American refuse to celebrate Columbus Day. Why honor the person who brought the white man to the New World?Bibliography:

The Fall Of Communism In Russia/Soviet Union By Andy Chambers Essays

The fall of Communism in Russia/Soviet Union By Andy Chambers Communism in the USSR was doomed from the onset. Communism was condemned due to lack of support from other nations, condemned due to corruption within its leadership, condemned due to the moral weakness of humanity, making what is perfect on paper, ineffective in the real world. The end of this system was very violent. It left one of the two most powerful nations in the world fearful of what was to come. Communism can either be called a concept or system of society. In a society that follows the communist beliefs groups own the major resources and means of production, rather than a certain individual. In theory, Communism is to provide equal work, and benefits to all in a specific society. Communism is derived from many ancient resources, including Plato's Republic and early Christian communities. In 1917, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their Communist Manifesto finalized the philosophy of Communism. ("Communism," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 98 Encyclopedia) In the beginning, people in Russia thought of Communism as a utopian ideal. (Funk & Wagnall's) The elimination of social classes, and guaranteed employment sounded outstanding to the people who lived in Russia. Communism did call for a role of socialist dictatorship to help control any form of protest. Through persuasive tactics this new government seized power and in 1917 Vladimir Ilich Lenin came to power. Under his control the Soviet Union underwent many radical changes that led to the development of NEP (New Economic Policy). This policy called for some private ownership of the means of production and business. Still the government controlled the majority of production. Throughout Lenin's government there were many achievements. It ended a long civil war against the remnants of the old Czarist military system and established institutions in government. He later died in 1924, and was quickly succeeded. In 1924 Joseph Stalin became head of the Soviet Communist Party. He soon became the most powerful man in Russia. He ran the Soviet Union with brut power, removing all that opposed him and the Communist beliefs. This time period was known as the ?Great Purge.? Stalin systemically executed anyone who stood in his path. Stalin had millions of people arrested and killed. The government once again changed in its economic status. All private ownership was ended. Industrialization commenced, and the strength of the Soviet's Military significantly increased. The only downfall was agriculture production slowly diminished. This eventually led to food shortages. During this time period the Second World War broke out and drained most of what was left of the already impoverished state. However after the war, national unity was improved and the Soviet Union once again became a super power of the world. (" Stalin and World War II," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 99 Encyclopedia) Stalin's death in 1953 marked the end of the supreme power for the head of the Soviet party. Stalin's successor, Nikita Khrushev, marked the beginning of the fall of Communism in the Soviet Union. Khrushev became the first Secretary of the Communists party ("Nikita Khrushev," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 98 Encyclopedia). He believed Stalin's actions were unnecessary and harmful to the process of moving the Socialist government to its goal of complete Communism. During his period of control the public was given some say in the government. A new policy of economy was brought in known as ?New Course.? It helped to balance the agriculture and increase food production so there were less food shortages. Although Nikita Khrushev started a process of reform he was dismissed due to massive shortage of dairy products, and the fact that he failed to meet any of his initial objectives. After the dismissal of Khrushev, Leonid Brezhnev became the Soviet Communist Party Secretary General in October of 1964. Under his control central power was brought back into effect. Stalin's disciplinary policies were restored. One of the causes of Brezhnev's loss of power was in the way he controlled the land of Russia. During this time there was an inefficient use of land, which resulted in an economic slacking once again. The 1980's saw a dramatic drop in the standards of the Soviet citizens. This led to strikes against the government, which greatly threatened the

Method For EAP Essay

Method For EAP Essay Method For EAP Essay Methodology This survey was conducted by means of a written questionnaire. The goal was to find out the view of suicide in Sheffield’s citizens and the attitude which people think can prevent or reduce the suicide. This questionnaire included 11 questions of different styles from which the most of these questions was sat as a multiple choice answer basis. Numbers of respondents come from different countries were 40, some of their age from 18 to 21. The questionnaire focused on individual attitude question, such as â€Å"what do you think is the main cause of suicide† and how to prevent or reduce the suicide. The survey did not limit the target group to a particular group, for example age, gender; this option can help the questionnaire’s data more reality. The survey was beginning in Sheffield Hallam University. In total 40 people were interviewed. Answers from people of all age groups were received. The sample of 40 people’s data was very clear, but this cannot be see n a reliable and general opinion data. Also the survey concluded two open questions; this means that some of results are not impersonal. The reason is different people had different kinds of feeling on one thing. Nevertheless, the data achieved through the survey provides an interesting insight into the view of why people wants to suicide and how prevent or reduce the suicide happened. (227 words) Results and discussion At first, the survey was beginning to find out the main reason which can reflect people to think suicide. The questions 1 to 3 were aimed to discover the basic information from the respondents; the answers were included according to 3 areas – age, gender and nationality. These three basic questions would help other analyze other questions’ result more accurately and effectively. According to these data and combine to question 4 and 5’s data (Fig.1), among the younger respondents, most of them (35%) indicated psychologist problems were the main cause of suicide; in this data there were 7 females and 7 males chose this answer. (20%) of respondents also showed family breakdown or conflicts were the second cause of suicide. And 6 females and 2 males chose that answer. Family breakdown can lead people become chaotic then think some horrible things. The third cause of suicide which respondents considered was drugs (18%). In term of ages, most res pondents believed young person (21-40) are the most numerous suicide. Among these data, it can be concluded that main reason for people thinking of suicide is psychologist problems thank by most of people. According to the gender, both male and female were sensitive on psychologist problems. Secondly, the Fig.2, Fig.3 and Fig.4 display that two genders’ different ideas about the suicide. From Fig.2, we found that majority (63%) considered life is important both female and male, they had never thought to a suicide. But the other group (37%) showed that they ever think to kill themselves. These data results can be seem nowadays people began to attaches great importance to suicide and they have positive and clear values on suicide. (BBC NEWS, 2013) Different gender has different kinds of thinking on suicide’s reason; on females’ side in Fig.3, they through females would consider the suicide easier than males (9 respondents). Among these data results, the most reasons showed from the answer were female can be become weakness on psychology in a breeze; sometimes pressure in life would let females feel low confidence in society or in home. On the hand Fig.4 (males’ side), the result was another story which was different from Fig.3, they thank males would think suicide easy. For example, the social stress and family pressure were the main cause influence males’ mode of through. But reasons of suicide had the higher similarity if compared Fig.4 and Fig.3. This showed reasons which were similar and difference. Similarity differences Females AND Males Social and family

Definition and Examples of Linguists

Definition and Examples of Linguists A linguist is a specialist in linguisticsthat is, the study of language. Also known as a  linguistic scientist or a linguistician. Linguists examine the structures of languages and the principles that underlie those structures. They study human speech as well as written documents. Linguists are not necessarily polyglots (i.e., people who speak many different languages). Examples and Observations Some believe that a linguist is a person who speaks several languages fluently. Others believe that linguists are language experts who can help you decide whether it is better to say It is I or It is me. Yet it is quite possible to be a professional linguist (and an excellent one at that) without having taught a single language class, without having interpreted at the UN, and without speaking any more than one language.What is linguistics, then? Fundamentally, the field is concerned with the nature of language and (linguistic) communication.(Adrian Akmajian, Richard Demerts, Ann Farmer, and Robert Harnish, Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT Press, 2001)Subfields of Linguistics- Linguists spend their time studying what language is and what it does. Different linguists study language in different ways. Some study the design features that the grammars of all the worlds languages share. Some study the differences among languages. Some linguists focus on struc ture, others on meaning. Some study language in the head, some study language in society.(James Paul Gee, Literacy and Education. Routledge, 2015)- Linguists study many facets of language: how sounds are produced and heard in physical acts of speech, conversational interaction, the different uses of language by men and women and different social classes, the relation of language to the functions of the brain and memory, how languages develop and change, and the uses of language by machines to store and reproduce language.(William Whitla, The English Handbook. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) Linguists as Scientists- Like a biologist studying the structure of cells, a linguist studies the structure of language: how speakers create meaning through combinations of sounds, words, and sentences that ultimately result in textsextended stretches of language (e.g. a conversation between friends, a speech, an article in a newspaper). Like other scientists, linguists examine their subject matterlanguageobjectively. They are not interested in evaluating good versus bad uses of language, in much the same manner that a biologist does not examine cells with the goal of determining which are pretty and which are ugly.(Charles F. Meyer, Introducing English Linguistics. Cambridge University Press, 2010)- The  important point to remember about the complex sets of relationships and rules known as phonology, syntax, and semantics is that they are all involved in the modern linguists approach to describing the grammar of a language.(Marian R. Whitehead, Language Literacy in the Early Year s 0-7. Sage, 2010) Ferdinand de Saussure on the System of a LanguageThe pioneer linguist Ferdinand de Saussure criticized scholars who studied the history of a part of a language, dissociated from the whole to which it belongs. He insisted that linguists should study the complete system of a language at some point in time, and then examine how the entire system changes over time. Saussures pupil Antoine Meillet (1926: 16) is responsible for the aphorism: une langue constitue un systà ¨me complexe de moyens dexpression, systà ¨me oà ¹ tout se tient (a language makes up a complex system of means of expression, a system in which everything holds together). Scientific linguistics who produce comprehensive grammars of languages naturally follow this tenet. (Proponents of formal theories, who look at isolated bits of language for some particular issue, naturally contravene this fundamental principle.)(R. M. W. Dixon, Basic Linguistic Theory Volume 1: Methodology. Oxford University Press, 2009) Pronunciation: LING-gwist

Unit 2 Bus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 2 Bus - Assignment Example This is useful in enhancing a student’s problem solving skills and allows them to engage in relevant and related discussions with classmates and professors (Ronstadt, 2004). For the purpose of paper I will write on the additional insight gained in relation to Hill and Jones book, specifically analyzing a case study. According to Hill & Jones, a case study offers a suitable way to examine how a companys past policy and configuration influence it in the present and to chart the critical incidents in its history that is, the events that were the most unusual or the most vital for its development into the company it is at present (2013). Some of the events have to do with its naissance, how it makes new product market decisions, and its initial products. It could also revolve around how it developed and chose functional strong points to pursue. Its shifts in its main lines of business and entrance into new businesses are also important milestones to consider. Identifying the companys internal strengths and weaknesses is also important because once the historical outline is completed; one can commence to the SWOT analysis. It is necessary to use all the incidents that have been charted to come up with an report of the companys strengths and weaknesses as they have unfolded historically (Ronstadt, 2004). An important aspect of case analysis is to examine each of the value creation functions of the company, and identify the functions in which the company is currently strong and currently weak. Some companies might be weak in promotion; some might be strong in research and development. A case analysis makes lists of these strengths and weaknesses (Hill & Jones, 2013). A case analysis also makes use of financial ratios for the purpose of financial analysis. According to Hill and Jones, a quality case analysis is that which offers a well thought analysis of the

Building Lasting Customer Loyalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Building Lasting Customer Loyalty - Essay Example The variable that drives customer loyalty the most is price. A company that has been able to build tremendous customer loyalty because they offer better price than the competition is Wal-Mart. A lot of customer supports private label brands because they offer greater value than national brands. The quality of the product is another important variable when a company is trying to build customer loyalty. Customers are willing to pay more for products of higher quality. Three additional variables that drive customer loyalty are location, selection, and service. Companies that are able to achieve customer loyalty obtain lower customer switching, increased profitability, and great word of mouth advertising. Six key elements of customer loyalty are: a) build on the foundation of a brand; b) use price to communicate a fair value; c) engage customers with great customer experience; d) recognize good customers; e) reciprocate customer loyalty; f) build intimate relationship with best customers (Bradner, 2007). If your customer has a business that offers items that your company uses it is a good idea to purchase from them to support the business of a client that is providing you with revenues. Marketers must pay close attention to their top customers to ensure customer retention of these key clients. Four types of loyalty tactics are price, experience, programmatic, and relationship loyalty. In the airline industry a company that has had success by offering low fares is RyanAir. s. Programmatic loyalty provides companies with discount and tcalled BK rewards that offers its customers a 5% credit towards the purchase of future food items. In the service industry having a good brand experience is very important to achieve a higher level of customer retention. Chapter 21 Summary The business world has become more interconnected than ever due to faster communication, transportation, and financial flows. The story of Red Bull is a great example of a company that was able to suc ceed in the foreign markets. Today Red Bull has penetrated over 100 countries worldwide. Corporations hold most of the wealth of the world. There are 200 companies that have more money than a quarter of the world’s countries. In 2003 international trade accounted for one-quarter of the U.S. GDP. A global industry is an industry in which the strategic positions of competitors of major geographic or national markets are affected by the overall global position. An example of a global industry is petroleum due to the fact that the majority of the automobile worldwide are powered by gasoline. A global firm is a firm that operates in more than one country. Five major decisions in international marketing are: 1) deciding whether to go abroad; 2) deciding which markets to enter; 3) deciding how to enter the market; 4) deciding on the marketing program; 5) deciding on the marketing organization. Many international markets offer opportunities to achieve higher profitability than the do mestic market in which the companies operate. Expanding into international market allow companies to achieve economies of scale. It also helps companies reduce their dependency on one market. When a company gets attack by international competition a good strategic option is to counterattack by penetrating the domestic market of the international competition. Prior to penetrating a foreign location companies must identify the risk involved with the decision. The company might not understand the foreign nation business culture. The regulation of the country must be understood prior to establishing a presence in a location. For example the environmental laws of the country might impose additional cost the company was not incurring in its domestic marketplace. The four

Why And When To Use Shell Scripts Essay Example for Free

Why And When To Use Shell Scripts Essay Use the Internet and the ITT Tech Virtual Library to research shell scripts and answer the following question: What is a shell script? What are the advantages of using shell scripts? What are the common usages of Windows PowerShell? A shell script is a computer program designed to be run by the shell of an operating system such as Unix. The various dialects of shell scripts are considered to be scripting languages. The advantages of shell scripts are: Shortcuts – provides a convenient variation of a system command where special environment settings, command options, or post-processing apply automatically, but in a way that allows the new script to still act as a fully normal shell command. Batch Jobs – allow several commands that would be entered manually at a command-line interface to be executed automatically, and without having to wait for a user to trigger each stage of the sequence. Generalization – Instead of each item being listed within the script, the item is provided on a command line and the shell uses loops, tests and variables to take those items and perform a simple task. PowerShell is a Microsoft Windows tool used to create scripts used in place of the command-line tool. PowerShell uses cmdlets which are specialized commands that implement specific functions which in turn perform a single or multiple tasks.

Foreshadowing in Wuthering Heights :: essays research papers

Foreshadowing in Wuthering Heights Foreshadowing is a very common literary device used in classic literature. It gives a yearning of what may come ahead and an intriguing tie from the present to the past and vice versa. To foreshadow is â€Å"to shadow or characterize beforehand† (Webster’s Dictionary). Wuthering Heights as a whole serves as a large-scale example of this foreshadowing effect and it contains many other examples within it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first half of the book, Emily Bronte gives the account of the foundational characters, the first generation. The account is given in a diverse way, it is stated as from the eyes of an outside observer with an inside scoop named Nelly Dean. Nelly had lived in both Thrushcross range and Wuthering Heights and had a first hand account of all that had happened in their inhabitants’ life. The actions and decisions of the first generation were also very eminent in their descendants; they both had their share in heartache and disaster. Though the same mistakes were not made they suffered just the same. The fact that Heathcliff never rectified his relationship with Catherine and all the others he hurt the hurt carried on down the family line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The repetition of events was revealed in everything that occurred. The way that the first generation was treated was how they treated the next. For example Heathcliff’s deprivation of Hareton repeats Hindley’s deprivation of Healthcliff. Even the first Catherine shows this, she mocked Joseph’s earnest evangelical zeal and soon so did her offspring. It is even said that Heathcliff trying to â€Å"open† Catherine’s grave was repeated. All things were â€Å"predicted† and eminent of reoccurring in the future. The foreshadowing device was also used yet another time, to explain the basis of the whole story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the time of Heathcliff and Catherine’s journey through turmoil many things were said. Often when you are in a fit of rage or a time of passion you say things and some are meant and others are not. Emily Bronte to advantage of that fact. Through the many pieces of dialogue found in the story between Catherine and Heathcliff there was one thing said amidst it all that was meant and prevailed through the story. Heathcliff in a fight cursed Catherine’s soul to haunt him until he died and Mr. Lockwood saw that ghost and the ghost ended up haunting Heathcliff to insanity and eventually death. Bronte gave us that foretelling to intrigue us to see the depth of the relationship that Catherine and Heathcliff had shared, Heathcliff cursed her and Catherine carried it out until revenge was achieved.

The Role of Input and Interaction in Sla

The role of input and interaction in SLA Terminology input –any language directed at the learner intake –the portion of input that learners notice and therefore take into temporary memory. Intake may subsequently be accommodated in the learner’s interlanguage system (become part of long-term memory). However, not all intake is so accommodated. output –what the learner produces (spoken & written language) and how much he understands from the input input > intake > output views on the role of input: ? behaviourist There is a direct relationship between input and output. Acquisition is believed to be controlled by external factors, and the learner is viewed as a passive medium. They ignore the internal processing that takes place in learner’s mind. Input consists of: ? stimuli – with stimuli, the person speaking to the learner  models specific linguistic forms  which the learner internalizes by  imitating  them   ? feedback – it takes the form of positive reinforcement or correction. The possibility of shaping L2 acquisition by manipulating input to provide appropriate stimuli and adequate feedback mentalist They emphasize the importance of the learner’s ‘black box’. Input is still seen as essential for L2 acquisition, but it is only a ‘trigger’ that starts internal language processing. Learners have innate knowledge of the possible forms that any single language can take and use the information supplied by the input to arrive at the forms that apply in the case of the L2 they are trying to learn. Input is insufficient to enable learners to arrive at the rules of the target language. ? interactionist ognitive interactionist Acquisition is a product of the interaction of the linguistic environment and the learners’ internal mechanisms, with neither viewed as primary. Input has a determining function in language acquisition, but only within constraints imposed by the learner’s internal mechanisms. social interactionist Verbal interaction is crucial for language learning as it helps to make the ‘facts’ of the L2 salient to the learner. comprehensible input (Krashen 1981) – Input is a major causative factor in L2 acquisition Learners progress along the natural order by understanding input that contains structures a little bit beyond their current level of competence (i+1) – Comprehensible input is necessary to acquisition to take place, but it is not sufficient – learners need encouragement to ‘let in’ the in put they comprehend – Input becomes comprehensible as a result of simplification and with the help of contextual and extralinguistic clues – Fine-tuning (= provision of the linguistic features which the learners is ready to acquire next and using them, opposite: rough-tuning) is not necessary – Speaking is the result of acquisition, not its cause, learner production does not contribute directly to acquisition input and intake. Input refers to what is available to the learner, whereas intake refers to what is actually internalized (or, in Corder’s terms, â€Å"taken in†) by the learner. Anyone who has been in a situation of learning a second/foreign language is familiar with the situation in which the language one hears is totally incomprehensible, to the extent that it may not even be possible to separate the stream of speech into words. Whereas this is input, because it is available to the learner, it is not intake, because it â€Å"goes in one ear and out the other†; it is not integrated into the current learner-language system. This sort of input appears to serve no greater purpose for the learner than does that language that is never heard. Conceptually, one can think of the input as that language (in both spoken and written forms) to which the learner is exposed If there is a natural order of acquisition, how is it that learners move from one point to another? The Input Hypothesis provides the answer. Second languages are acquired â€Å"by understanding messages, or by receiving ‘comprehensible input’ † (Krashen, 1985, p. 2). Krashen defined â€Å"comprehensible input† in a particular way. Essentially, comprehensible input is that bit of language that is heard/read and that is slightly ahead of a learner’s current state of grammatical knowledge. Language containing structures a learner already knows essentially serves no purpose in acquisition. Similarly, language containing structures way ahead of a learner’s current knowledge is not useful. A learner does not have the ability to â€Å"do† anything with those structures. Krashen defined a learner’s current state of knowledge as i and the next stage as i + 1. Thus the input a learner is exposed to must be at the i + 1 level in order for it to be of use in terms of acquisition. â€Å"We move from i, our current level to i + 1, the next level along the natural order, by understanding input containing i + 1† In Krashen’s view, the Input Hypothesis is central to all of acquisition and also has implications for the classroom. a Speaking is a result of acquisition and not its cause. Speech cannot be taught directly but â€Å"emerges† on its own as a result of building competence via comprehensible input. b If input is understood, and there is enough of it, the necessary grammar is automatically provided. The language teacher need not attempt deliberately to teach the next structure along the natural order—it will be provided in just the right quantities and automatically reviewed if the student receives a sufficient amount of comprehensible input. there are numerous difficulties with the concept. First, the hypothesis itself is not specific as to how to define levels of knowledge. Thus, if we are to validate this hypothesis, we must know how to define a particular level (say, level 1904) so that we can know whether the input contains linguistic level 1905 and, if so, whether the learner, as a result, moves to level 1905. Krashen only stated that â€Å"We acquire by understanding language that contains structure a bit beyond our current level of competence (i + 1). This is done with the help of context or extralinguistic information† (1982, p. 21). Second is the issue of quantity. Krashen states that there has to be sufficient quantity of the appropriate input. But what is sufficient quantity? How do we know whether the quantity is sufficient or not? One token, two tokens, 777 tokens? And, perhaps the quantity necessary for change depends on developmental level, or how ready the learner is to acquire a new form. Third, how does extralinguistic information aid in actual acquisition, or internalization of a linguistic rule, if by â€Å"understanding† Krashen meant understanding at the level of meaning (see below and chapter 14 for a different interpretation of understanding)? We may be able to understand something that is beyond our grammatical knowledge, but how does that translate into grammatical acquisition?

Personnel Policies Essay

Implementing high standard personnel policies are highly important in setting out rules and regulations that will dictate how employees will go about conducting organizational practices and operations. Aside from this purpose, personnel policies serve as guides to monitor the compliance of personnel to set rules and regulations. The content of personnel policies being implemented for compliance is broad. Its scope covers accepted organizational practices and operations that are framed within the context of the organization’s mission, goals, and objectives, ethical standards and guidelines including corporate social responsibilities, the job description, rules and regulations in carrying out the job description, necessary information that falls to an individual’s role in the company (Minnesota Council of Nonprofits, 2008) (i. e. alary, rules of termination, rules in asking for resignation, dress code, good manners and conduct in dealing with clients and leaders of the organization, the work schedule, rules and requirements in filing for a leave of absence, acceptable reasons for leaves of absence, etc. ) (NMML, 2007) With this in mind, personnel policies then become a regulating factor ensuring that employees uphold organizational goals and objectives. Aside from this, personnel policies identify the rights and duties of employees. (Minnesota Council for Nonprofits, 2008) For instance, if an employee sees the reason for the organization to raise his wages for sensible and accepted reasons, then he will be given a chance to make a plea to the leaders of the organization if the personnel policy allows this action. Another example of a right that the personnel policy can grant employees is the right to fight discrimination in the workplace. Whether it is discrimination motivated by gender bias (when a male superior harasses a female employee), cultural bias (being deprived of employee benefits because of one’s race), or any other biases not accepted by societal norms and mores, employees will be given the right under the personnel policy to take action in order to counter discrimination in the work environment. Other aspects of personnel policies that are critical to the success of the organization include how tasks and responsibilities will be delegated to personnel or staff members according to their capacity to accomplish them, the planning and implementation phases of employee training, and securing the interest of the organization as well as the employees by setting rules that are agreeable to both of them. Moreover, personnel policies seem to set a consistent and trustworthy organization because it enables them to have a guide where all business practices, operations, rewards system, policy-making steps, etc. are based on without having to argue about other aspects of these processes because personnel policies clearly provide a firm and long-existing ground. (Khungar, 2005) In the case of human resources management, the training of newly-hired employees will be based on personnel policies. With the aforementioned purpose of personnel policies to the hiring process, the human resources department ensures that all applicants that will be hired meet the standards of the organization and are willing to contribute to the accomplishment of organizational goals and objectives. This highly influences the cost of training newly-hired employees because it cuts down the required funds for conducting training-related programs. This is so because hiring is based on high standard personnel policies that ensure employees will not need to undergo strict and highly demanding training for their respective jobs. (McNamara, 2008) The pre-employment phase is the most critical factor of hiring and recruiting. It is a decisive factor that will dictate whether the organization will be well on its way to accomplish its goals and objectives because the kind of employees that the organization will be hiring will determine whether business practices and operations will be carried out by them successfully. Therefore human resources departments make sure that the pre-employment phase is thoroughly monitored and evaluated. Choosing from a diverse population of applicants is difficult because the HR department needs to make sure that the people they will be hiring meets the requirements of the organization as well as the position being called for as it is related to its great contribution to the success of the organization. During the pre-employment process, personnel policies exist to guide the hiring process. Personnel policies are laid out for applicants who will be potentially hired by the organizations. These personnel policies will determine whether applicants are able to meet the requirements set by it. For instance, part of the personnel policy is the salary for a particular position in the organization. Laying out the salary will help the applicant decide whether to take the job or not, and the organization to decide whether to hire the applicant or not in terms of his agreeable behavior towards the set salary. Aside from this reason, personnel policies also ensure that only the best of the applicants will be hired for their engagement and contribution to the success of the organization. Primarily, the records of the applicant will be screened, with regards to financial records, employment records, employment behavior in previous work, academic achievements, related experiences, criminal records, etc. This is to ensure that the applicant the organization will hire will not jeopardize the future of the organization. For instance, an applicant with drug addiction problems might hamper the growth and development of the organization because of his inability to be productive in the work place. Upholding personnel policies as directed by the goals and objectives of the organization will tell the human resources department that is responsible for hiring and recruiting to not employ the applicant to the organization because of his personal aspects that are proven to be a hindrance to organizational success. Overall, personnel policies are not only implemented within the organization for the compliance of its employees or staff members. It is also a critical determinant in the hiring and recruitment process. In conclusion, personnel policies should be framed within the context of highest standards to ensure that members of the organization and potential recruits will meet organizational standards and guidelines for its efficient accomplishment of its mission, goals and objectives.

Writing a Literature Essay A Complete Guide

Writing a Literature Essay A Complete Guide Although upon entering college, most students are already familiar with essay writing in general and literature essay writing in particular, many of them don’t realize that what is understood under this term on this academic level is quite different from those informal, fairly freeform texts they wrote in high school. The requirements and practices commonly used here are quite different from what you might have been used to. First of all, there isn’t such a thing as a clearly defined literary essay – it is subdivided into many different subtypes, the most important of them being: Analysis essay, where you provide deep insights into a particular literary text, studying its structure, writer’s agenda, imagery, stylistic devices and so on. Its goal it to examine and sometimes evaluate the work in question; Research essay, usually dealing with a broader scope than just a single work of literature; Reaction essay, where you tell about your impressions from reading a text; Persuasive essay, where you try to convince the reader of your point of view; Narrative essay, where you try your hand at storytelling yourself. However, all of them are similar enough for you to be able to learn how to write one of them and get a fairly good idea of how to deal with all the rest. In this literature essay writing guide, we will cover tactics and practices that will help you write literary essays of any types. Selecting a Topic Students are given varying degrees of freedom when writing literature essays. Sometimes you may be assigned a literary work to write about, but are otherwise free to do anything you like with it. Sometimes you are given a rigid topic you cannot alter at all. Sometimes you are given a completely free rein, and can choose whatever you want to write about. However, no matter what your situation is, you should remember two points: Limitations aren’t always a bad thing – when some variants are cut off you don’t have to worry about choosing that much; Even if the topic is assigned, you can often negotiate it with your tutor or instructor. If the changes you want to make aren’t drastic, he can usually be persuaded to meet you halfway. So how does one approach the choice of a topic? Choose a text that interests you or an underlying theme present in more than one text. Why is it important? In what ways understanding this theme in a particular text helps one understand other texts of the same author (or other authors) better? Select a text you know well. Perhaps there is a book you’ve read many times already and always keep finding something new and fascinating about it? If you don’t have to study the text to start writing about it, you have a huge advantage over those who are unfamiliar with it; Don’t be in a hurry to read other analytical works on the text. This will prevent your thinking from being contaminated by other people’s ideas too early on and give you a better opportunity of forming your own opinions and ideas on the text. Try to formulate your topic on your own, without trying to fashion it after typical topics used by other researchers; After you’ve formed your working hypothesis, you may start looking through the literature on the topic to see what other researchers say about the subject. At that point, you may need to change your original intentions because it may turn out that the topic you’ve decided on has already been researched through and through. If the topic turns out to be unoriginal, try to change it for something more unusual – the less-trodden path you take, the better will be the attitude of your instructor. However, make sure to check if the topic you choose has enough information sources to work with, or you risk ending up with a topic you cannot properly work with because you don’t have a body of research to rely on. In the end, you should get a topic that you are comfortable with, that is at least somewhat different from the majority of papers dealing with the text in question and that has enough information sources to build your thesis on. Here are some examples you may use: The Theme of Duality in The Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens; The Role of Fate in Romeo and Juliet; Lord of the Flies by William Golding and Tunnel in the Sky by Robert Heinlein: Two Takes on a Single Issue; Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse as a Modern Quest Narrative; Fight Club as an Epitome of Disillusionment Genre. Working with Sources: Important Tips from Our Writers When writing a literature essay of any type you are going to work with two general types of sources: The primary source is the text you research. It is the primary literary work your research is based on. Even if you study entire creative work done by a particular author, one of his texts usually plays a more important role than the others – that would be your primary text for such a paper; Secondary sources are all the other sources of information you use: critical articles, analytical works, blog posts, reviews, author’s comments and any other writings concerning the primary text; If nobody has written about the exact combination of the topic and the text, what about books about the same topic in other works by the author or other authors connected to the one you write about (e.g., from the same time period or literary school)? Your best bet at finding what you need is using specialized search engines and academic databases like JSTOR, Google Scholar or a discipline-specific one like ProQuest Literature Online. These contain not just academic articles and other kinds of publications, but information about how many times they have been referred to in other sources and other useful data. Preparing an Outline An outline is basically just a plan of your essay. It may be more or less detailed depending on your preferences and writing style, but the idea remains the same. You write down: the main points and probably entire sentences from introduction and conclusion (because they are short and the success of your essay depends very much on how well you manage to present them); the entirety of your thesis statement (again, because it is a short and very important part of your essay); the main points of each supporting paragraph, along with sources to refer to in each of them. Usually after writing an introduction and thesis statement, you use one reference to the primary text that supports your main point and then support it with a few references to the secondary sources. Formulating a Thesis Statement Your thesis statement is the gist of your paper reduced to one, possibly two sentences. In short, it is the main thought behind your essay – quite often, it is your interpretation of the text you work on. A thesis statement is usually located at the end of the introduction: after you’ve already grasped the attention of your reader but before you started discussing the text in earnest. It is important to understand that a thesis statement and a topic are two different things. The topic is the general subject area you are discussing in your essay, e.g., â€Å"The Theme of Poverty in the Creative Work of Charles Dickens†. The thesis statement is exactly what it says on the tin – a statement you make concerning the topic, it is the result of your research or just your opinion. For example, â€Å"Charles Dickens’ descriptions of poverty in his creative work stem from his personal experiences as a young man† would be a thesis statement. Writing the Body of the Essay The body of your essay is reserved for the development of your central idea. A good rule of a thumb to follow is to have no less than three body paragraph for a 500-700 word essay, each covering a single point supporting your primary argument. Each paragraph of the essay’s body should contain a topic sentence followed by explanations and textual evidence. A topic sentence (normally the first sentence of a paragraph) states one of the topics connected with your thesis and how exactly this topic supports the central idea of your essay. Evidence should come either from the primary text or secondary sources, with the former being the more important one. It comes in four types: Summary – short retelling of the text; Paraphrase – retelling of the text’s fragments in your own words; Specific details – here you don’t retell a part of the text but rather draw the reader’s attention to a small part of it; Direct quotations – fragments of the text repeated word for word in accordance with your formatting style. Writing Introduction and Conclusion Write a thesis statement first and leave the rest of the introduction for later. The most often advised approach is to write it last of all, even after the conclusion – this way you will already know what is present in your essay and won’t have to remake anything to meet the requirements that changed along with the contents of your paper. Start with a hook to catch the attention of the reader. It may be: a quotation from the primary text or a secondary source; a highly unusual or controversial idea about the primary text; a fact from the life of the author relevant to your thesis statement; or anything at all as long as you can make it work. After that, provide some background information and smoothly go on to your thesis statement. Complying with the Format Traditionally, literature essays are written in MLA format; you may find the most important instructions for writing in it here. If you want a more in-depth guide, look for a paper copy of a style guide in a library. Unless stated otherwise, most literature essays are written in 12pt, Times New Roman font. Proofreading If you can afford it, there should be an interval between when you finish writing per se and start proofreading your essay. Trying to make corrections immediately after finishing writing is ineffective the impression is still too fresh, and you are too much inclined to jump over the familiar sentences, missing mistakes and stylistic flaws. When proofreading a literature essay you should pay attention not just to actual errors in grammar, spelling and syntax, but to style as well. Stylistic requirements here are less rigid than in, let’s say, psychology essays, but they are still present: Don’t use personal pronouns. Words like â€Å"I†, â€Å"we†, â€Å"you† etc. make your writing too personal, while you have to maintain objective academic tone; Use transitional words and expressions like â€Å"therefore†, â€Å"so†, â€Å"thus†, â€Å"so far† etc. to connect paragraphs with each other and make the flow of your essay smoother; Make sure you stick to one idea throughout your essay. The main goal of any essay it to drive home a point made in thesis statement, and you should pursue this goal with every sentence and every word. If on rereading the essay you see that certain elements are superfluous for that purpose, eliminate them without remorse; Get somebody else to read your essay, preferably somebody whom you can trust to do it attentively. Ask them if they find the flow of ideas logical, if there are any loose ends you have to deal with, if there is enough evidence backing up each point; Use some tricks to change the way you perceive your essay and find more potential flaws. For example, read it out loud – if you stumble upon a fragment, there is a high chance of it needing revision. Or change the font and its size and print it out – when the words and sentences look differently from the way you are used to, you pay more attention to them. We hope that these literature essay tips will turn writing your next literature essay into an enjoyable and easy experience – when you know what you are doing, no task ever appears to be too hard!

Picking Your Perfect Title

Picking Your Perfect Title Picking Your Perfect Title Picking Your Perfect Title By Daniel Scocco Picking a title can often be the hardest part of a writing project. Sometimes the title just comes to you, but more often than not, you have to put quite a bit of work into finding just the right one. You may even have to sift through several titles before you find one that sits well with you. Here are a few suggestions to try: 1. Mad Libs Think of a couple adjectives, nouns and verbs that describe your story. Write them all down on a sheet of paper and combine them into different phrases. Sometimes you can pick up on a title that works. 2. Pick a Part Look for an important turning point in your novel or just focus on the climax. Describe this event on paper. Pick out the words or phrases that stand out to you in your description. Mix and match these words to see what works for you. 3. Live by Example Pick out novels or short stories that run in the same genre as your project. Study the titles and how they relate to the story as a whole. Then, look at your project as a whole. Think of the theme or overall message of your book. Write down some words that go along with your theme and work them to see if you can find a fitting title. 4. Go for the Obscure Avoid the obvious â€Å"The† titles like â€Å"The Pink Slipper† or â€Å"The Brown Dog.† Look for slight recurring themes or undercurrents in your novel and try naming your novel after those subtle nuances. JK Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, is a genius with titles. The titles, especially the Half-Blood Prince, all highlight under-riding themes that later play a large role in the series as a whole. 5. Appeal to the Higher Poets usually have a way of weaving words in a beautiful tapestry of art that put prose writers to shame. Read some famous poetry and write down words and phrases that stick out to you. Song lyrics often have the same effect. You can find some powerful titles by mixing, matching and combining words from powerful lyrics. 6. A Writer’s Best Friend Consult your thesaurus and look up synonyms for commonly occurring words in your novel. Write down as many synonyms as you can to try and get a fresh point of view on an event in your novel. Look up these synonyms in the dictionary to get a better understanding of their meaning. Use different words in context to find a combination that you like. 7. Super Easy Way Type â€Å"title generator† into Google and see what pops up. There are several websites that will either have you type in a couple descriptive words and scramble them for you or they’ll just generate some random titles for a variety of genres. Some, like guywiththecoat.com, just generate extremely random and funny titles. Mostly, these titles are just good for a laugh, like â€Å"Pants ride the Bus,† but you may actually be able to find something that works with your project. I hope these suggestions make the arduous process of title-finding a little easier. Good luck! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. Programme"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?Captain vs. Master

Analysis of Robert Hass's Meditation at Lagunitas Essay

Analysis of Robert Hass's Meditation at Lagunitas - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Robert Hass is known to have spent much of his life residing in the ‘Lagunitas’, a rural town in Northern California, where beautiful forests, lakes, and green grass thrive and most   importantly, it reserves the spot for the wildly growing blackberries which Hass makes reference to in the poem. Hence, the poet can be imagined to be taking a stride along paths surrounded by the scenic wonders in Lagunitas at which he might have found delight in meditating and composing poems altogether. As Hass speaks of the ‘clown-faced woodpecker’ and the ‘black birch’ in the 5th and 6th lines, the curious reader may readily suppose that these details appear specific as they are in association to the place, in the same way, the author may have held a special regard for Lagunitas being a particular setting. Since the poet is claimed to have sought inclinations with an Oriental school of thinking, the meditation carried out through his poem may be thought to derive influence in part from Hass’s religious endeavor with Buddhism and Hinduism. By the first and second lines, the poet necessitates introducing the piece by alluding that there exists loss as language fails with proper expression in â€Å"the new thinking†. A â€Å"clown- / faced woodpecker probing the dead sculpted trunk / of that black birch† is a metaphor for his quest for a more suitable expression and eloquence. The act of â€Å"probing the dead sculpted trunk† provides an imagery for such theme, justifying the fact that the struggle to find an exact identity with words is as painstaking as it gets in the process. At a point, saying â€Å"a word is an elegy to what it signifies† blends of tragedy with occasional beauty especially as the writer testifies to the truth about his friend’s voice in the 13th line where it possesses â€Å"a thin wire of grief†. This tonal conflict ind icates how at times, poetic potentials may be limited by the approach and narrow scope of language the complexity of which is normally understood on a gradual basis. The General vs. The Particular Hass appears to be utilizing irony in the rather Platonic concept which distinguishes the unique worldly elements and the words that represent a uniform ideal. Such application of Platonic thought supports the first two lines as it vividly depicts the proof that general philosophical ideas can be clear but are practically useless while personal experience counts in developing conveyable philosophical thought. Despite this, the narrator sounds appreciative with â€Å"the luminous clarity of a general idea† even though the intricacy in specifics removes its original essence. Close It is seemingly through the lamenting about â€Å"loss† that words along with the human experiences bound to which as well as the ability to recount them, lose their intended significance. The signifi cance of the Blackberry On the second half of ‘Meditation at Lagunitas’, the poet diverts his path of discourse from the notion of the general to the certain ensuing splendor which bears another subject of particular value. Brought by the transition stating that â€Å"everything dissolves: justice, pine, hair, woman, you and I†, the term ‘woman’ which gets mentioned twice in the 16th line constitutes softness in thought as if Hass chooses to mellow from the former mode of heavy meditation.

Can ethics constrain and improve politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Can ethics constrain and improve politics - Essay Example hics of democracy argues that the greatest divide in ethics comes between action centred views, practical ethics, ethics of character and being ethical. What he referred to in simple terms was that the moral uprightness should be as a means of doing or being good. As an answer to this critical question philosophers used the question of; what was the centre of moral discourse, evaluation of morality and justification of one’s morality. He further on went to quiz what the primary concern was or end of a moral activity. Dewey in his book refers to democracy as a moral upright which is a clear opposite from his moral thought.Dewey’s ethics is as a resource for tackling difficult questions regarding the justification of democracy from his radical view of democracy. In Dewey’s ethics we find specific virtues, relationships and experiences. He went ahead to (Dewey, 2008). Dewey feels that one should advocate individualism in their political administration of public affairs with a little consideration for honour and self-esteem. He further argues that politicians in their administrative roles should consider what benefits them most then the society. He further feels that morality can be but instead advocates for the reflexive morality by observing and understanding the circumstances surrounding a course of action. (Dewey, 2008) Charles R. Beitz in his book â€Å"Political theory and international relations† feels that changes in international relations have led have a clear exhibition to his political theory. He further states that Nations are not interested in promoting human welfare. Since nations are longer as self-sufficient, its global image no longer gives an accurate picture of the morality inside a state (Beitz 2008). In the book the key concept of politics by Andrew Heywood, it can be observed that Realism as a political theory in which he finds a man as egocentric hence using egoism to define human nature. On the Liberal theory, Heywood believes man is a

Politics of education Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics of education - Annotated Bibliography Example The protagonist has quick wit and street smarts as his wealth to survive in the city and fight odds that comes across his way. Alger has brilliantly connected situations to make the changes look so easy and enticing for emerging young minds. The author has put a patron in place to turn Dick’s luck; then he sends Dick to escort his nephew along his tour which changes the hero’s life. Though Alger is trying to explore the inspiring example of an orphaned bootblack’s rags-to-riches experience, he keeps a place for the wonderful fictional literature too. Alger compares the buildings of New York to palaces, and in the development of the story he makes it a comfortable reading by the inclusion of all essential characters ranging from a patron to the villain. Altogether, the journey of an underdog from ‘Ragged Dick’ to ‘Richard Hunter’ perfectly blends all essential features that can evoke optimism among the under privileged. ‘The Lesson’ is a story told in the first person narration by the central character Sylvia about her life in the neighborhood consisting of several under cared children and their encounters with fate. There is a fictional Fifth avenue in the story as a dream model of their lifestyle around which all the discussions develop. Bambara places the theme based on the strong will, intelligence and leadership of an African American preteen girl with intent to challenge the practical meaning of democracy in the country. The story walks on the economic line that makes a visible separation between the rich and the poor with sensible dialogues to challenge the American society’s indifference towards the financially destitute natives and communally separated migrants. Bambara introduces Miss Moore as a messenger to exhibit the glory of education to show the children how life can be turned gaining with academic excellence. On the other hand, ‘The

The Process Of Leading And Directing Construction Essay

The Process Of Leading And Directing Construction Essay According to Websters Dictionary, management defines as the process of leading and directing all or part of an organization, often a business one through the deployment and manipulation of resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible). Other function of management is the action of measuring a quantity on a regular basis and adjusting an initial plan and the actions taken to reach ones intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. Situational management may precede and subsume purposive management. Therefore the maintenance management will characterise the process of leading and directing the maintenance organization. British Standard Glossary of terms (3811:1993) defined maintenance as: the combination of all technical and administrative actions, including supervision actions, intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform a required function , maintenance is a set of organised activities that are carried out in order to keep an item in its best operational condition with minimum cost acquired . According to British Standard 8210 defined maintenance as the combination of all technical and administrative action intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, state in which it can perform its required function. Another British standard ( BS 8831 : 1964 ) maintenance as the combination of any action will be make to retain the items or restore it to make sure it in acceptable standard , maintenance management typically required both capital and operating expenditure. The maintenance management needs to work hard to make sure the maintenance standard is achieved. According to (Noble, 1984; Lee, 1987).there is no absolute maintenance definition for maintenance, the definition is very subjective, the standard is depends on person, or organization as a client request. The standard of maintenance is base on the objectives of the company or organization that the maintenance company will take care. Every building have their function and the maintenance works need to achieve to make sure the building is function as the client wanted, for example, for the building that function as a business purposed, the maintenance standard is high, such as maintenance for hotel building. According to books (building pathology principles and practice by David S. Watt), building and their services inevitably become obsolete as a result of factor relating to the use of the building (functional, economic, locational, social, statutory or physical) and changes in the needs of building user. BS 3811: 1984 define maintenance as A combination of any action carried out to retain an item in, or restore it to an acceptable condition. From this definition two key components can be identified: Action that will take is not only to the physical execution of maintenance, but it also concerned with its initiation, financing and organization. The notion of an acceptable condition, which implies and understanding or requirement for the effective usage of the building and its parts which in turn compel broader consideration of building performance. The committee on building maintenance recommended the adoption of the following definition work undertaken in order to keep, restore or improve every facilities, i.e. every part of the building, its services and surround to a currently acceptable standard that and to sustain the utilities and value of the facilities. According to Paul Wordsworth ( Lee s Building Maintenance Management, 4th edition ) The Charted Institute of Building offer the following definition work undertaken in order to keep ,restore or improve every facilities i.e. every part of building services and surround to an agreed standard by the balanced between need and available resource. 2.2 MAINTENANCE OBJECTIVE Maintenance may be undertaken either in anticipitation of failure (preventive maintenance) or carried out to restore the building to an acceptable standard after failure (corrective maintenance). According to several of reference the successful maintenance program should achieve these goals. Help buildings function as they were intended and operate at peak efficiency, including minimizing energy consumption. (Harvey H. Kaiser, The Facilities Managers Reference (Kingston, MA: R. S. Means Companying., 1989), 81; and American Public Works Association (APWA), Public Works Management Practices (Chicago: APWA, August 1991), 65.). Building maintenance must achieve to make sure the building can functioning as it proposed to be. For example, the design for commercial building must be function to attract people to come; proper maintenance to keep the building in good condition must be program. Prevent failures of building system that would interrupt occupant activities and the delivery of public services. (R. S. Means Company, Inc., Cost Planning Estimating for Facilities Maintenance (Kingston,MA: R. S. Means Company, Inc., 1996), 264.) Building that operate trouble-free allow public employee to do their jobs and serve the public. Because building maintenance includes regular inspection and replacement of equipment crucial to operating a building, maintenance staff reduces the problem that might otherwise lead to a breakdown in operation. Sustain a safe and healthful environment by keeping building and their component in good repairs and structurally sound.( APWA, Public Works Management Practices, 63; and International Code Council, Inc., International Property Maintenance Code 1998 (Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, Inc.,1997), 9-10.). Building maintenance must protect every building component in good condition, to create safe and healthful environment to the building occupant. Any serious defect to the building must be take an action because event a small defect it can slowly effect the building structure, and sometimes it also can effect to the occupant health. Provide maintenance in ways that are cost- effective. (Federal Facilities Council, Standing Committee on Operations and Maintenance, Budgeting for Facilities Maintenance and Repair Activities (Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996), 29. Cost-effective denotes both economic efficiency and desirable results.) A main goal of maintenance is to minimize cost without reduce the quality services and building performance. To achieve cost effective a proper building maintenance cost planning must be developed to make the maintenance cost that will be spent for the building is relevant. To protect building owner invest for the building. (Dr. Ahmad Bin Ramly, 2002, Prinsip dan Praktis Pengurusan Bangunan) Building owner has been investing a lot of money for the building; every investment must give an income. The increasing operation and maintenance cost of building will cause the owner investment will unrelavant and also not economical for a long term. The impact will be more conspicuous when the building has a lot of problem defect and need a lot of repairing works. 2.3 BUILDING MAINTENANCE CLASSIFICATION. In generally, building maintenance can be categories into 2 categories, planned and unplanned maintenance. Planned maintenance is maintenance organized and carried out with forethought, control and the used of record to a predetermined planned. Maintenance works must be program properly, to make sure there no failure will occurred, any defects or problem must be recorded to make the observation works will be easier. Unplanned maintenance is ad hoc maintenance carried out to no predetermined plan. According to the Audit Commission considered a better maintenance to be as follows. Strategic repair and maintenance. This represent work required for a long term preservation of an asset, and includes planned maintenance of the building fabric (decoration and routine replacement), maintenance of engineering services and maintenance repair items such as re-roofing. There are normally item which can be plan of because, for some extent there can be foreseen and budgeted for. Tactical repair and maintenance. These items are related with day to day works of minor nature in response to immediate need. The audit commission point out that tactical maintenance is not necessarily the same as responsive maintenance as some immediate respond item are clearly of strategic nature for example a flat of roof failure. According to BS 3811 and for practical purposed about maintenance classifications are Preventive maintenance this maintenance carried out at pre determined interval, or corresponding to prescribe criteria, and intended to reduce probability of failure or the performance degradation of an item. Corrective maintenance maintenance carried out after failure is occurred, an intended to restore an item to a state in which it can perform it required function. Emergency maintenance maintenance which it is necessary to put in hand immediately to avoid serious consequences. Condition based maintenance preventive maintenance as a result of knowledge of the condition of an item from routine or continuous monitoring. Schedule maintenance preventive maintenance to carried out to a pre-determined interval of time, number of operation mileage etc. Another maintenance classification was made by Noble (1984) that classified maintenance as five different types: a. Routine or cyclic maintenance, it is task carried out at more or less regular intervals without prior inspection, such as cutting grass, lamp changing, cleaning of drains and gutters. b. Planned maintenance; can be determined as selected services, plant and equipment. It is a regular inspection and servicing (lubrication and adjustment) with repairs and replacements made or programmed only when found to be necessary. c. Planned inspection, for selected elements of structure, fabric and finishes. It is a regular inspection but with maintenance work carried out or only when found to be necessary. d. Breakdown or emergency maintenance, an action taken to remedy failure. e. Minimum maintenance, often applied to premises awaiting disposal. No action except to meet mandatory requirements, e.g. for health or safety, to conform to the terms of a lease, or to keep the property wind and waterproof. MAINTENANCE STANDARD In maintenance management there is no specific statement that defines the maintenance standard for building. In generally, maintenance standard is base on the client requirement and the contractor will know the standard base on the owner requirement. According to Dr Ahmad Bin Ramly, maintenance standard is basically same in any building or equivalent with the type of building, however in practically small size building will be easier to maintain and easier in maintenance management. Many of it repairing works can be done as planning. For the building that larger and more complex, with sophisticated design it will need a lot of special service. To fulfill the maintenance need, the building owner needs to provide one maintenance department to take care of the building facility and services. If the owner want to take consultant to maintain their building, they must specify ,what maintenance jobs will be carried out ,then ,all the workers must be supervise properly, to make sure the maintenance work is followed as planned. Besides that, all the maintenance workers must a qualified person to carry out the works, there must be no person can do the maintenance job, except the qualified person or maintenance expert. Milne, 1985, the main idea about maintenance standard is basically the request or maintenance work order from the owner to contractor, which area or defect that should be repair or replace, and this order should be clear as a standard for the contractor to perform the job. The work order should include the sufficient detail in order to enable the workman to take with him the correct quantity and type of material when making the maintenance work. In fact some of 40% of the maintenance standard was directed in site. (Lee, 1987) have mention, in building maintenance management describe building maintenance standard can be divide into two categories. Lower level The need of maintenance due to increasing probability of failure involving not only enhanced repairs costs but also consequential losses where the normal user of the building is interfered with. Upper level Set by a cost of achieving it. Lee also said about building individual element, he divide the maintenance standard into three condition : Physical condition of the elements. Has two related terms, the condition of element that related to the magnitude of defect that calls for remedial action and second is the performance or environment systems. Times criteria. When the repair or replacement will be make. At this method, the maintenance need frequent inspection and its need a little bit knowledge about decoration. The balance between frequently inspection, risk, and consequences of failure is the important part that should be achieve. Financial criteria. This criterion can be taken from the variable sum based on the costs of some primary activity or replacement value, or taken from fixed sum based on historic costs or an analysis of anticipated benefits. In certain time, maintenance works sometimes have a difficulty during do an operation some product that gives unsatisfaction to the owner. However, this problem can be solving if the proper maintenance works can be program, beside give a relevant budget. It can be done smoothly with one good maintenance program. MAINTENANCE NEEDS According to Dr. Ahmad bin Ramly state that in Principe, the important building maintenance can be seen in four main aspects: Investment value. Building design Building function. heritage stuff 2.5.1 Retaining investment value. There is no person that have been invest for one thing want to lost, they always hope what they have been spent the money will be get a benefit from it. It also same with building owner, they have spent a lot of money for the building; so, they wanted their investment will be worth, and they will get the benefits. There are two type of income that usually investor hopes from their investment. Short term income. It means the owner hope to get profit from their new building. They hope their new building can be sold fastly, especially when the owner used loan to buy the land, then they must sale the building quickly, so they can cut the loan interest quickly. If the sale is slow, the loan interest will be rise, and when the interest is more than profit, the owner will be lost. Long term investment. Long term investment usually consists of calculation about rental rate that will be get and sale price. If the investor find the land market is in the good condition and increase, or any sign that the land market will be a rise, usually the owner will save their property for a longer term, so that, one day, they can sale the land or building with the higher price, or they used tenant as a source to pay the loan. Building Design. With proper building maintenance, the building will be look more interesting and less defects will occur. There have some reason that can cause the building will look not interesting and a lot of defect occurs: Dirt because of user careless. Natural environment effects. Such as, weather, season and air pollution. Insect attack. Fungus and plant attract. A decay that usually attack at some part of building that has dampness. Natural disaster or any unpredictable accident. Building function. All building that build have a reason to build, there have their function. So, proper building maintenance program will help to retain the building function as planned. There have some reason, why the building need maintenance to retain their function : To remain their actual design function and their construction objectives especially for preservation and conservation proposed. To maintain and fulfill building occupant needs or the owner. To remain or followed the statutory requirement or other local authority requirement. To remain building space with other services that have been provide for the buildings. To make sure all the facilities that provide or other services always functioning and can be used all the time Heritage Stuff The awareness and interest of the public and country to heritage item is increase. Now a day, the heritage stuffs not only just a collection to the people that interest with history, but now, it can be main things to make money. The heritage stuff such as old building, fortress, and houses not only have high value from their design, but for some local community it was a main thing to them, to make money. Those structures can attract tourist from out or in the country to come. 2.5.5 The satisfaction of building needs. According to Paul Wordsworth (Lee building maintenance management ,4th edition), said that, in order to put the problem into perspective it is necessary to view maintenance in the context of the overall building process. The building needs community is met by interrelated construction activities of maintaining, modernizing and replacing existing stock of building and by erection of additional new building.( figure 2.0) The recent express view is that the level of expenditure on maintenance is too high. However in order to know the reasonable of expenditure is reasonable or not it is necessary to consider 3 factors: Whether the amount spent is excessive in relation to the work done. The amount that provide for maintenance works need to use carefully, to make sure the works is reasonable with the budget. Whether the work which is done is necessary and unavoidable. There are many reported cases of early maintenance which could have been avoided with better design and the suitable of the material. Whether it would be advantageous to carry out more works. Clearly construction resourced are limited and the goal should be to achieve the optimum allocation of manpower, material and capital between the maintenance and improvement of existing building and the construction of new building. 2.6 MAINTENANCE PLANNING The maintenance planning is one of the important element in develop the good maintenance works, according to Barrie Charter and Peter Swallow, (1996, The Maintenance Management) state that, the basic principle of the planning should be firmly understood before considering maintenance planning specifically. The planning should be transparent to make sure the workers are understood what is the maintenance planning and their goal to achieve. The maintenance planning should be planned before the construction building , this will make sure to take account the effect of the building design to the maintenance aspect. According to Dr. Ahmad Bin Ramli (2002, Pengurusan Penyelenggaraan Bangunan), the maintenance planning should be done in five stages: The building in still in design stage. The proper maintenance planning should be plan at this stage need to be rigid and nonstop, especially for those building that need to do renovation in the future, the maintenance aspects need to take account to make sure the building long lasting. In the construction stage, the maintenance manager need to know the progress to make sure the construction works is followed as in planned. Before handover to the owner. the planning should be prepare before the building is handover to the new owner, the maintenance manager must know the condition of the building , and the new owner need, from the information, maintenance manager can program the maintenance works for the client need. The change of use to the building. The maintenance manager should have a planned if the building will change to the new function, they must know the relevant of the new function that will be use to the building. The maintenance manager should give advice or inform to the new owner about the impact of the building function to the maintenance. The change of maintenance budget. The change of maintenance budget is not impossible if the client faces the economic problem, the maintenance manager need to plan what should do to use the new budget to the maintenance. Thats mean if the client decides to cut the maintenance budget, the manager should cut down the unimportant works, and only focus on the serious maintenance works. Change of manpower. There have a possibilities that the manpower will decrease, this is because with some reason, such as because of high demand that the workers cannot accept the situation, and resign. The because of the economic problem by the owner, maybe a lot of worker will be reject to cut the operation fees. The maintenance manger should reprogram all the planning, and find the other alternative to face the problem. 2.7 PROBLEM IN MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT. Maintenance management is very important for the building, a good maintenance management will make the building life span is more, and also can reduce maintenance cost for the building. Any small defects at the building must be identify and must be solve it as soon as possible, because the small defects is like a cancer that slowly will become big defects in the future. Big defect means, big problem, and big problem need big cost to solve. However, why there still have some of the building that have maintenance department, but the defects still occurs? Until sometimes the defects have cause injuries to the people who used the building. There are some general ideas about the problem in maintenance management: The building design. The building design is one of the factors that cause problem in maintenance management. Sometimes, the building designer does not consider about building maintenance during design the building, the design just take serious about building appearance compare to building maintenance. Some maintenance access must have to provide to make maintenance works can be done quickly and safe, beside that to make sure all part of building can be reach, so that any problem to the building can be Identify and solve quickly. Maintenance budget. Budget for maintenance is very important things, with the relevant budget, the maintenance management can manage all the maintenance cost properly. Most of the owner didnt want to spend a lot of budget for maintenance, because for them, the money is more important to use it in their business. For government building, limited budget to maintain will cause the maintenance management could not do their job properly. Because, the maintenance equipment, such as any specials equipment is very expensive, but it is very important tools, to make sure the building test or survey is accurate. Poor maintenance program. Poor maintenance program means the maintenance manager failed do their job to manage the building properly. Good maintenance management can provide the good maintenance program such as, provide maintenance information management, routine maintenance schedule, proper maintenance planning, and manage maintenance budget. Lack of professional skills. Maintenance management is a work that needs a skill to manage it. Less professional workers to manage building maintenance is very important to make maintenance management process can do smoothly. Professional person in maintenance need to know all about maintenance, such as , programming maintenance work, get to know , the suitable material to use for building and also know how to do and analysis test. Some country needs to import the professional worker from oversea to do this works. It is very sad, when government need to spend a lot of money to pay foreign workers. It will be better if the works can be managed by local people. Unqualified workers Maintenance works need a qualified person to do the work; this is because maintenance work is dangerous which the workers need to handle dangerous equipment such as electrical system. At this stage, maintenance management is responsible to take a qualified person, besides have high skill or experience to do maintenance works. The maintenance workers need have a high knowledge about the works that they will do,they need to know how to reduce the risk and work safety during do the maintenance works.