The influence of risk attraction and risk aversion in the adoption and Thesis

The impact of hazard fascination and hazard avoidance in the selection and dispersion of the outrageous games - Thesis Example As contemporary society has gotten engrossed with security and conviction, hazard has consistently become a vile wonder. Society has gotten very fixated on decreasing danger and vulnerability that exercises not straightforwardly affirmed by the standard society are promptly viewed as unpalatable. This paper talks about the impact of hazard fascination and hazard avoidance in the appropriation and dissemination in extraordinary games. In sport, chance alludes to the probability of real, physical risk. In extraordinary games like huge wave riding, snowboarding, and base hopping this has been expected to show incredibly elevated levels of hazard, a very high chance that something terrible will occur, and a critical chance of death (Kerr, 2005). Consequently association in extraordinary games has been regarded bothersome and freak. Explanations behind commitment in outrageous games are most much of the time related with the possibility of ‘adrenaline rush’ or a hankering to face socially unwanted and neurotic challenges (Cecile and Laurendeau, 2010). The speculation is that hazard capacities as a main thrust for partakers with little ability however a wild eyed want to connect with the picture of notoriety identified with outrageous games. In a culture where in facing unnecessary challenges is by and large saw as wild, flighty, absurd, and silly, there seems, by all accounts, to be something of an example toward the developing acknowledgment of hazard and vulnerability in recreation exercises. In sport, there is significant evidence that hazard taking is fundamental to various donning exercises. The idea of edgework by Lyng (1990) sees purposeful hazard taking as testing the restrictions of one’s limit while supporting adequate control to viably adjust the cutoff among vulnerability and conviction. In the writing on the purpose behind this edgework inclination, the sensation-chasing trait, portrayed as the â€Å"seeking of changed, novel, compl ex, and serious experiences† (Cecile and Laurendeau, 2010, p. 129), has been broadly examined. Numerous open air exercises have been accounted for to draw individuals who have elevated levels of sensation looking for qualities. The propensity to look for energy, experience, and excitement may precisely reveal insight into why people with elevated levels of sensation looking for traits participate in extraordinary games. Hazard Attraction and Risk Aversion in Extreme Sports Several scholars contend that dangerous exercises give a break from a general public that is perpetually ‘constricted by comfort’ and chance disinclined (Moran, 2004, p. 60). This presumption expresses that a few people feel an excessive amount of spoiled by the materialistic accommodations of current society and subsequently search for energizing, hazardous exercises trying to break out of a lot of solace. As contemporary life â€Å"is now agreeable and progressively controlled† (Moran, 2004, p. 60), a few people look for chance in open air exercises. Thus, the need to face challenges may connote a deliberate response against the common and hazard disinclined day by day living. Despite the fact that this hypothesis is exploratory, it shows up likely that alienated people may encounter a more grounded feeling of mindfulness when they are in the skirt of death or genuine injury (Pain and Pain, 2005). Indeed, Schrader and Wann (1999 as refered to in Moran, 2004, p. 62) asserted that single direction of achieving a similarity to control over one’s life is by confronting passing through support in dangerous exercises. Another

Having a child with a disability Essay -- essays research papers

At the point when Andy was conceived I was the most joyful lady on Earth. At the point when I saw his excellent face and his small body I cried, I will always remember that second. We remained in the clinic for three days. That first night again from the medical clinic Andy didn’t do anything other than cry throughout the night. I didn't have the foggiest idea what to do, this was my first kid, and I didn’t realize how to quiet him down. I called the Doctor and he disclosed to me this was the typical conduct for a previously conceived youngster, and he simply expected to change in accordance with the new condition. I would give Andy his milk, change his diaper, hold him, sing to him, however nothing would stop Andy’s crying. We didn’t much rest. That week my better half needed to work so I needed to manage Andy without anyone else, which was baffling. At last after about seven days Andy surrendered a few. His father couldn’t even draw near to him si nce he would begin crying once more, since Andy couldn’t be held or taken care of by anybody yet me. I needed to go through each moment of the day with him to the point that I needed to place a bedding in his room so I could get some rest. I rested in his space for an entire year. There weren’t a ton of changes in Andy’s conduct during that year. The Doctor didn’t comprehend what wasn't right with him, and I didn’t realize what I would do. Dealing with Andy was an all day work for me. Since the time Andy was brought into the world my entire way of life changed. My significant other, Jack, began working extended periods of time since he didn’t need to remain at home and manage Andy. I couldn’t go out without anyone else or with my companions any longer. I needed to take Andy with me wherever I went. Essentially, I didn’t have a public activity any longer. My relationship with my better half was likewise going down the channel since we never hobnobbed. My entire life was a major wreckage at that Cabarcas 2 point, however at whatever point I saw Andy’s face he made my heart grin. Andy was a year old and he didn’t talk a lot of I got stressed, yet the Doctor instructed me to hold up a couple of more months on the grounds that boy’s take somewhat longer than young ladies to begin talking, so I did. In spite of all the disappointment and gloom I generally demonstrated Andy a ton of adoration. My significant other likewise understood that he was being egotistical by leaving all the obligation to me. He willingly volunteered to deal with Andy so he could draw nearer to him. Andy was exceptionally forceful here and there and at whatever point his father attempted to contact him, he would escape from his father and start run... ...ee and a half years. Sooner rather than later I need Andy to go to a specific school for where he could learned more that what he as of now as of not long ago. THE END I picked this incapacity since I have a companion who has a mentally unbalanced kid and I watch her occasionally. This youngster is a superb kid I infant sit him and his sister and the are so adorable together I truly love these children. I don’t charge their mother any cash to deal with them; I simply prefer to invest energy with them. Al l this child likes is to head outside and play, and when he’s tired he just comes to me, grasps my hand and gives me what he needs. He is jabbering all the more since what he did a year back. He is a youngster that I respect since he has come so far and has beaten numerous impediments. I truly enjoyed composing this Cabarcas 5 paper since I never put my self in that circumstance and it isn’t simple at all to manage a cripple kid regularly of your life. That is a test that I don’t know whether I’m prepared to take. I was hesitant to compose this paper toward the start since I was anxious about the possibility that this could transpire, yet I leave everything in the hands of God. I state this in light of the fact that I’m pregnant now and anything could occur.

DIY Admissions-Parent Edition - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

DIY Admissions-Parent Edition - UGA Undergraduate Admissions DIY Admissions-Parent Edition About a month ago, I wrote a blog post about how students should be able to handle the application process on their own, with a limited amount of guidance from parents/counselors friends. This month, the focus is on how parents can help get students to that stage of the process: Last week, I was volunteering at a camp for six days, and I had eight campers in my cabin from a range of placed in Georgia. It was a wonderful week, but as you can guess, there were also a few challenging times, usually associated with either getting all eight out of the cabin on time or that wonderful event of mealtime, also known as please just eat your food and dont make too much of a mess. One of our campers had a challenge with certain mealtime things, from cutting up meat, eating yogurt without getting it on his face, and the horribly sticky mess that is syrup (they really should just ban this substance from all children under the age of 13). One of the newer counselors at the table stepped up to help this camper by cutting his food, going to get paper towels, and pretty much sticking close to the camper for every meal in case of emergency. About a day later, one of the wiser, older counselors (not me, I swear) stepped in and essentially said Stop helping him. He needs to learn how to do these things himself. The focus became less on doing things for the camper, and more on helping him learn how to take care of himself. The first day or so was a challenge, watching the camper struggle with the steps. If you have ever watched a kid struggle trying to learn a new skill, your first instinct is to help in any way you can. But by the end of the week, everyone was less stressed, the camper was much more independent, and mealtime was much better-if you dont count syrup as being the devils condiment. This same situation plays out again and again in a number of areas. Think back to elementary school projects, with some seeming to have been created by a professional artist, while others are barely able to remain standing, but at least completed by the actual student. Or how about some thank you cards being written in too-perfect script, while others have letters of all sizes and dirt smudges on the edges. There is a time for helping our kids with certain activities, and a time to let them handle the process on their own. This is one of those times. As one of my fellow counselors just said, let your student ride the bike and you just act as the training wheels, because the training wheels are coming off next fall whether you like it or not. The Admissions application process is a key point in letting the student take care of their own project. Yes, parents are there to give guidance, to gently nudge their kids in the right direction, but to also know not to cross over the line and just do it themselves. It might be easier to go ahead and be a big part of the application process, but the skills that arelearned by having the student do it themselves will translate into more comfort in managing their first year in college, apply for internships, etc. When students start signing up for their first semester of classes, generally during orientation, the first step many times is telling the parents that they should go get some coffee as the student needs to handle this step. I have been through this process twice as a parent, and I know it can and will be challenging, but you will make it (and so will your child). Good luck, and Go Dawgs!

Society, Gender Roles and Gender-Conflict Essay example

Society, Gender Roles and Gender-Conflict Time and time again gender-conflict is brought to the attention of the public in various forms. In our time someone who wants to make a point about gender-conflict and the inequality that is present will be more likely to use television or song to reach their audience. This however is a fairly new technology. Books or some form of writing on the other hand have been around for thousands of years. Gender-conflict is nothing new. It is not as though one day it just came out of no where. It has been around since the dawn of time. What is a man’s place and what is a woman’s place in society or is there really a specific place at all; further more are we even really that different to begin with?†¦show more content†¦Joan is able to provide the reader with a vivid description of the anxieties and ordeals of being a female throughout childhood and adolescence. She starts out with the simple desire to love and be loved, to find acceptance. These desires are not gender specific, as both males and females strive to be love and be loved and find acceptance. The difference is how women and men actually find these. Due to constant victimization by others a pattern of outsiders becomes Joan’s guard and vengeance. Joans early misery and resentment causes her to see life as her enemy. Because Joan is made to feel as though she is an object, as many women in her time as well as our own feel too, Joan learns to use idealization as a weapon that will reach her emotionally unreachable mother: Joan claims to defy every effort to make her reduce out of a fear of assimilation and loss of autonomy: I wasnt going to let myself be diminished, neutralized. I wouldnt ever let her make me over in her image, thin and beautiful (Atwood, 85-6). This in her mind would be surcoming to the gender stereotype that woman not only should fit into, but had to fit into. It was her own way of rebelling against what a woman should be and being herself. Whether this was the correct way to go about it, her reasons were her reasons and that is what is important to her. Unfortunately this only caused a vicious circle. The more she rebelled against the gender norm for herShow MoreRelatedConflict Analysis And Peacebuilding Planning Essay1143 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent contexts in East Africa, gender dimensions are often overlooked in conflict analysis and peacebuilding work. I believe that, as peacebuilders, understanding gender dynamics in conflict context would not only enrich our level of analysis, it would also help to come-up-with comprehensive and sustainable peacebuilding plan. In this essay, I will reflect on the conflict, gender and peacebuilding lens discussed in Lisa Schirch’s book (Chapter 9): Conflict Assessment and Peacebuilding Planning:Read MoreGender Roles in the United States842 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout history, women have been regarded as of lesser value than men particularly in the public sphere. 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20 opciones para parar la deportación en EE.UU.

El gobierno de EE.UU. puede iniciar un proceso de deportacià ³n contra cualquier migrante –incluidos los residentes permanentes legales– si considera que ha cometido una violacià ³n migratoria o un delito que justifica su remocià ³n del paà ­s. El migrante – y su abogado, si lo tiene–, puede seà ±alar el dà ­a en el que tiene lugar la audiencia previa conocida como Master Calendar quà © defensa legal va a argumentar para intentar parar la deportacià ³n. Las opciones son diversas y cada una tiene sus requisitos especà ­ficos, por lo que es conveniente elegir la que tiene mà ¡s posibilidades de ser exitosa y lograr el objetivo de que la deportacià ³n no se llegue a producir. 20 opciones para parar la deportacià ³n en EE.UU. Ciudadanà ­a estadounidense Esta opcià ³n puede parecer extraà ±a, pero se han dado casos en los que Inmigracià ³n ha tratado a un ciudadano como si fuera un extranjero procediendo a su arresto. Si esa es la situacià ³n, debe probarse el error mediante un documento que acredite la nacionalidad estadounidense. Ademà ¡s, en el caso en el que un migrante dude y crea que podrà ­a ser ciudadano, debe comunicarlo al juez y a su abogado. Por ejemplo, en los casos en los que ha nacido en otro paà ­s pero su padre o su madre son ciudadanos e, incluso, si se tiene un abuelo estadounidense. Error administrativo en la notificacià ³n Se puede alegar un defecto de forma en la notificacià ³n del inicio del proceso de deportacià ³n cuando la carta conocida en inglà ©s como Notice to Appear contiene errores. Por ejemplo, nombre o apellidos del migrante no son correctos o la carta la recibià ³ solo el abogado. Tambià ©n hay un defecto de forma cuando la carta se envià ³ a una direccià ³n equivocada aà ºn cuando el migrante notificà ³ correctamente a las autoridades migratorias el cambio de domicilio. El gobierno asigna al migrante delitos que no ha cometido Los procesos de deportacià ³n los inicia el gobierno alegando que un migrante ha cometido un delito o violacià ³n migratoria que lo convierte en inadmisible o deportable. Debe disputare el cargo si el gobierno està ¡ equivocado y no se ha cometido el cargo que se le imputa. Ajuste de estatus El ajuste de estatus es un trà ¡mite que permite a extranjero presente en EE.UU. obtener la condicià ³n de residente permanente legal. Durante un proceso de deportacià ³n, un migrante puede solicitar al juez que ajuste su estatus, siempre que cumpla una serie de requisitos. El caso mà ¡s comà ºn de ajuste de estatus durante un proceso de deportacià ³n tiene lugar cuando el migrante es: esposo/a de ciudadanohijo/a soltero menor de 21 aà ±os de ciudadanopadre o madre de ciudadano, el cual tiene 21 aà ±os de edad o mà ¡s Ademà ¡s, en esos casos se requiere entrada legal a EE.UU. por parte del migrante, aunque en el momento del proceso de deportacià ³n puede tener la condicià ³n de indocumentado porque ha permanecido en el paà ­s mà ¡s tiempo del plazo autorizado. En estos casos, el ciudadano debe pedir a su familiar mediante el formulario I-130 y el migrante debe pedir el ajuste de estatus al juez mediante la planilla I-485, Cabe destacar que ciertos delitos hacen imposible que el juez apruebe este ajuste de estatus. Por ejemplo, cuando el migrante ha sido condenado por: delito de drogasdos felonà ­as por las que el migrante recibià ³ condena de 5 aà ±os o mà ¡sdelito inmoral (turpitude, en inglà ©s). Excepto cuando se recibià ³ condena de seis meses o menos y el mà ¡ximo que se pudo haber recibido era de un aà ±o o menos. Salvo excepciones muy concretas, no se concede el ajuste de estatus a personas contra las que con anterioridad se dictà ³ una orden de deportacià ³n. Perdà ³n 245(i) Otro caso en el que serà ­a posible parar la deportacià ³n mediante un ajuste de estatus es el del perdà ³n 245(i). Aplica a migrantes con peticiones de familia o trabajo antiguas aprobadas presentadas antes del 30 de abril de 2001 pero que no finalizaron los trà ¡mites podrà ­an estar protegidos por la norma 245(i). Si se cree que se tiene derecho a este beneficio, consultar con un abogado porque se podrà ­a parar la deportacià ³n mediante un ajuste de estatus. Perdà ³n 212(h) El perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver por su nombre en inglà ©s, puede ser solicitado varios casos: Por ejemplo, por migrantes en proceso de deportacià ³n que cumplen los requisitos para aplicar por un ajuste de estatus, como se indicà ³ en la seccià ³n anterior, pero que no pueden hacerlo porque les descalifica una condena de delito inmoral. Otro ejemplo de cuando el perdà ³n 212(h) puede ser solicitado es el caso de un residente permanente legal en riesgo de perder perder su estatus por haber cometido un delito. El residente no puede solicitar este perdà ³n si: ha sido condenado por un delito agravado desde que fue admitido como inmigrante a EE.UU.el residente lleva menos de siete aà ±os de residencia continua al inicio del proceso de deportacià ³n. Ademà ¡s, en los casos de solicitud del perdà ³n 212(h) se debe probar que la deportacià ³n del migrante causarà ­a una situacià ³n de dureza extrema a un familiar, el cual es ciudadano o residente. Una excepcià ³n a este requerimiento son los migrantes que se pueden auto-pedir por VAWA. Para la dureza extrema se tienen en cuenta factores como edad del migrante, la edad que tenà ­a cuando ingresà ³ a EE.UU., và ­nculos familiares en EE.UU. y en otros paà ­ses, asimilacià ³n en EE.UU. y participacià ³n comunitaria, situacià ³n econà ³mica de la familia, etc. Este perdà ³n es muy difà ­cil de obtener. Perdà ³n 212 (c) Este perdà ³n aplica a los residentes permanentes en un proceso de deportacià ³n y que calificarà ­an para la cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n excepto por un requisito: cometieron un delito que los descalifica. Si el migrante se declarà ³ culpable de la felonà ­a antes del 1 de abril de 1997 podrà ­a reunir los requisitos para este perdà ³n. Sin embargo, tambià ©n hay situaciones que descalifican por lo que estos casos deben ser estudiados con detenimiento por un abogado. Parole in Place (PIP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) El Parole in Place es una proteccià ³n para migrantes que son cà ³nyuges, viudos, padres o hijos de ciudadanos o residentes que son militares. Para aplicar a este beneficio se requisito que: el migrante hubiera ingresado ilegalmente a EE.UU.que el ciudadano o residente sea militar en activo, en la reserva o veterano licenciado con honor. Ademà ¡s de proteger frente a la deportacià ³n, el Parole in Place podrà ­a ser, en algunos casos, un camino para la obtencià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia permanente. Deferred Action para familiares de militares Los migrantes que son cà ³nyuges, viudos, hijos o hijas de militares en activo, miembros de la reserva o veteranos licenciados con honor y que no califican para el Parole in Place podrà ­an beneficiarse de Deferred Action. Es una medida temporal por dos aà ±os y que permite obtener un permiso de trabajo mientras la Deferred Action està ¡ vigente. Cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n (Cancellation of removal, en inglà ©s) El alivio que se conoce cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n como puede ser solicitado por: residentes permanentesmigrantes indocumentadosesposos/as e hijos de ciudadanos o residentes permanentes que son abusadores, en aplicacià ³n de VAWA. Los requisitos para la cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n son diferentes para cada una de esas tres situaciones. Asilo El asilo se puede conceder a las personas que acrediten que no pueden regresar a su paà ­s porque allà ­ han sido perseguidas o teman por motivos fundados que puedan serlo si son deportados por razà ³n de su opinià ³n polà ­tica, raza, religià ³n, nacionalidad o pertenecer a un determinado grupo social. Entre los requisitos mà ­nimos para que el asilo se conceda se encuentran el haberlo solicitado, con carà ¡cter general, en el plazo de un aà ±o a contar desde la fecha de entrada en EEUU, no haber sido condenado por determinadas felonà ­as y no ser un riesgo para la seguridad nacional. Si se aprueba el asilo, el migrante podrà ¡ quedarse en EE.UU., trabajar legalmente, pedir los papeles para sus familiares inmediatos y, dentro de los plazos legales, solicitar la tarjeta de residencia. Ademà ¡s, el migrante con asilo puede recibir beneficios del gobierno como, por ejemplo, voucher Seccià ³n 8 de ayuda para alquilar, cupones de alimentos, Medicaid y otros. Cuando no se cumplen los requisitos para el asilo porque ya ha pasado mà ¡s de un aà ±o desde el ingreso o se han cometido ciertos delitos que impiden que se obtenga este alivio, podrà ­a calificarse para la suspensià ³n de la remocià ³n. Suspensià ³n de la remocià ³n (withholding of removal, en inglà ©s) Cuando no se cumplen los requisitos para el asilo porque ya ha pasado mà ¡s de un aà ±o desde el ingreso o se han cometido ciertos delitos que impiden que se obtenga este alivio, podrà ­a calificarse para la suspensià ³n de la remocià ³n. Para que el juez conceda la suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³n, el migrante debe demostrar durante el proceso de deportacià ³n que, si regresa a su paà ­s, hay mà ¡s probabilidad de que no de que va a ser perseguido por razones de raza, nacionalidad, opinià ³n polà ­tica, religià ³n o pertenencia a un grupo social. El migrante que obtiene la suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³n puede permanecer en EE.UU. y obtener un permiso de trabajo. Sin embargo, no es un camino directo hacia la tarjeta de residencia permanente. CAT, en casos de riesgo de tortura Bajo la proteccià ³n de la Convencià ³n de Naciones Unidas contra la Tortura y otras formas de Tratamiento o Castigo Cruel, Inhumano o Degradante, un juez de Inmigracià ³n puede determinar que un migrante tiene derecho a permanecer en EE.UU. si, en el caso de ser deportado, hay una probabilidad superior al 50 por ciento de ser torturado. La tortura podrà ­a ser cometida directamente por el gobierno o por un grupo que el gobierno no puede controlar. Es habitual solicitar al mismo tiempo asilo, suspensià ³n de la remocià ³n y CAT en los casos en los que el migrante teme por su seguridad en el caso de ser deportado. Salida aplazada o Deferred Enforced Departure, por su nombre en inglà ©s El Presidente de Estados Unidos puede determinar que los ciudadanos de determinados paà ­ses se beneficien de un aplazamiento temporal en la ejecucià ³n de la deportacià ³n. En estos momentos, solamente los ciudadanos de Liberia que eran titulares de un TPS antes de la terminacià ³n de ese beneficio para ese paà ­s està ¡n amparados por esta medida. Visa U para và ­ctimas de violencia Pueden beneficiarse de la visa U los migrantes que han sufrido cierto tipo de violencia, incluida la de tipo domà ©stico, y cumplen con otros requisitos. En estos momentos los retrasos en la tramitacià ³n de esta visa es, aproximadamente, de cuatro aà ±os. Sin embargo, la presentacià ³n de un caso fuerte de visa U puede parar una remocià ³n de EE.UU. durante el proceso de deportacià ³n. Visa T para và ­ctimas de trà ¡fico de personas Las và ­ctimas de situaciones severas de trà ¡fico humano podrà ­an parar su deportacià ³n con un caso fuerte de calificacià ³n para recibir la visa T. Perdà ³n para refugiados Los refugiados que nunca han aplicado por ajuste de estatus y tienen un rà ©cord criminal pueden solicitar un perdà ³n llenando los formularios I-602 para el waiver y el I-485, para el ajuste. Deben probarse porquà © el refugiado amerita esta proteccià ³n por razones humanitarias. Puede no ser concedido en los casos en los que se considere que el migrante es un peligro para la seguridad nacional o en los casos de trà ¡fico de drogas. Aplazamiento de la deportacià ³n (Stay of removal, en inglà ©s) El aplazamiento de la deportacià ³n (conocido como stay of removal en inglà ©s) es una suspensià ³n temporal de la ejecucià ³n de una orden de deportacià ³n. Es automà ¡ticamente concedida en los casos de apelacià ³n, pero discrecional en otros supuestos. Salida voluntaria La salida voluntaria es una modalidad de alivio discrecional. En estos casos, el migrante sà ­ que debe abandonar EE.UU., pero lo harà ­a en una situacià ³n mà ¡s favorable que una deportacià ³n. TPS y DACA Los migrantes cubiertos por DACA o por TPS no pueden ser deportados por presencia ilegal en EE.UU. mientras sus permisos està ©n vigentes. Sin embargo, cada vez mà ¡s abogados està ¡n hablando de casos en los que sus clientes con DACA aprobado està ¡n recibiendo citaciones para presentarse en corte migratoria. Estos dos programas està ¡n pendientes de resoluciones judiciales que afectarà ¡n a su futuro y que se estima que se producirà ¡n a mediados de 2020 para TPS y en algà ºn momento entre enero y junio de 2020 para DACA. Tips sobre asesorà ­a legal A diferencia de lo que ocurre en los procesos penales, en los migratorios el gobierno no està ¡ obligado a pagar por representacià ³n legal para las personas con bajos recursos econà ³micos. La consecuencia de ello es que mà ¡s en numerosas ocasiones los migrantes no tienen la asesorà ­a de un abogado o de un representante acreditado. Sin embargo, las estadà ­sticas demuestran que los migrantes con asesorà ­a legal multiplican por cinco las posibilidades de obtener un beneficio migratorio, como los mencionados anteriormente en este artà ­culo, en comparacià ³n con los migrantes que comparecen sin asistencia de un letrado. Si no se puede pagar un abogado, se podrà ­a buscar asistencia pro bono, es decir, sin pagar, o a bajo costo a travà ©s de organizaciones reputadas con experiencia en brindar asesorà ­a legal a migrantes.  ¿Quà © sucede despuà ©s de recibir una orden de deportacià ³n? Despuà ©s de recibir una orden de deportacià ³n, el migrante puede apelarla. Una vez que se acaban todas las posibilidades, puede salir del paà ­s por sà ­ mismo o esperar a ser deportado. Una vez fuera de EE.UU. migrante deportado debe cumplir un castigo y durante un nà ºmero de aà ±os no podrà ¡ regresar legalmente a EE.UU. El tiempo del castigo depende de la causa y circunstancias de la deportacià ³n. Mientras se està ¡ cumpliendo el castigo, en algunos casos es posible pedir el perdà ³n I-212, si se cumplen todos los requisitos. Si se solicita y se obtiene su aprobacià ³n, el migrante podrà ­a regresar a EE.UU. antes de cumplir el tiempo de castigo. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que en muchos casos el migrante deberà ­a pedir al mismo tiempo otro perdà ³n y solamente si obtiene la aprobacià ³n de ambos perdones podrà ­a regresarse antes del cumplimiento de los periodos de castigo. Por otro lado, una vez que el migrante ha cumplido el tiempo de castigo impuesto por su deportacià ³n, podrà ¡ regresar a EE.UU. sin pedir perdà ³n. Sin embargo, todavà ­a deberà ¡ cumplir con los requisitos de la visa que desea solicitar y deberà ¡ asegurarse de que no tiene otros castigos pendientes, como una prohibicià ³n permanente. Parar la deportacià ³n: 20 opciones y a quià ©nes podrà ­a aplicar Ajuste de estatus: familiares inmediatos de ciudadanos que ingresaron legalmente. Migrantes con peticiones antiguas.Cancelacià ³n: residentes permanentes, indocumentados y cà ³nyuges e hijos de ciudadanos o residentes abusadores.Parole in place y Deferred Action: familiares de militares, reservistas y veteranosAsilo y Suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³n: migrantes que teman ser perseguidos por raza, religià ³n, nacionalidad, opinià ³n polà ­tica o pertenencia a grupo.CAT: miedo a ser torturadoPerdà ³n 212 (h): delitos inmoralesPerdà ³n 212 (c): admisià ³n de delitos antes de 1997Visa U: và ­ctimas violenciaVisa T: và ­ctimas trà ¡fico de personasI-602: perdà ³n para refugiadosDACA: muchachos que llegaron a EE.UU siendo nià ±osTPS: para centroamericanos con ese estatusDeferred Enforced Departure: para ciudadanos de LiberiaSalida Voluntaria: dejar EE.UU. sin estigma de deportacià ³nStay: suspensià ³n temporal de la ejecucià ³n de una orden de deportacià ³n Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Contents of a Marketing Plan Free Essays

TABLE | 2. 2 Contents of a Marketing Plan Section Purpose Executive summary Presents a brief summary of the main goals and recommendations of the plan for management review, helping top management find the plan’s major points quickly. A table of contents should follow the executive summary. We will write a custom essay sample on Contents of a Marketing Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Current marketing situation Describes the target market and a company’s position in it, including information about the market, product performance, competition, and distribution. This section includes the following: †¢ A market description that defines the market and major segments and then reviews customer needs and factors in the marketing environment that may affect customer purchasing. †¢ A product review that shows sales, prices, and gross margins of the major products in the product line. †¢ A review of competition that identifies major competitors and assesses their market positions and strategies for product quality, pricing, distribution, and promotion. A review of distribution that evaluates recent sales trends and other developments in major distribution channels. Threats and opportunities analysis Assesses major threats and opportunities that the product might face, helping management to anticipate important positive or negative developments that might have an impact on the firm and its strategies. Objectives and issues States the marketing objectives that the company would like to attain during the plan’s term and discusses key issues that will affect their attainment. For example, if the goal is to achieve a 15 percent market share, this section looks at how this goal might be achieved. Marketing strategy Outlines the broad marketing logic by which the business unit hopes to create customer value and relationships and the specifics of target markets, positioning, and marketing expenditure levels. How will the company create value for customers in order to capture value from customers in return? This section also outlines specific strategies for each marketing mix element and explains how each responds to the threats, opportunities, nd critical issues spelled out earlier in the plan. Action programs Spells out how marketing strategies will be turned into specific action programs that answer the following questions: What will be done? When will it be done? Who will do it? How much will it cost? Budgets Details a supporting marketing budget that is essentially a projected profit-and-loss statement. It shows expected revenues (forecasted number of uni ts sold and the average net price) and expected costs of production, distribution, and marketing. The difference is the projected profit. Once approved by higher management, the budget becomes the basis for materials buying, production scheduling, personnel planning, and marketing operations. Controls Outlines the control that will be used to monitor progress and allow higher management to review implementation results and spot products that are not meeting their goals. It includes measures of return on marketing investment. How to cite Contents of a Marketing Plan, Papers

Henry V Essay Research Paper Henry VThe free essay sample

Henry V Essay, Research Paper Henry V The function of the Chorus in the Shakespeare # 8217 ; s drama, Henry V, is important. Due to the capable affair that the drama trades with, it is difficult to show in the manner that it deserves. The Chorus helps the audience follow the drama by assisting them to visualize things as they were through the usage of imagination. It uses descriptive linguistic communication in depicting events that take topographic point in the drama. The Chorus besides helps in doing the secret plan of the drama flow together better by make fulling the clip lapses that occur between Acts of the Apostless due to the fact that the event being depicted in merely a few hours really occurred over several old ages, go forthing some spreads between events. It besides explains what happens in an act beforehand because the scenes switch around from topographic point to topographic point, and it can acquire confusing. The most of import map of the Chorus is that it encourages the audience to be patient and reminds them to utilize their imaginativeness to visualize the events that occur in the drama, to truly conceive of the royal tribunals of England and France, and to truly conceive of the conflict scenes with all the Equus caballuss and work forces. The prologue to the beginning of this drama calls upon the # 8220 ; Muse # 8221 ; to assist show the drama. The chorus explains to the audience of the troubles faced in showing this drama. It is hard to transform a little phase to stand for the English or Gallic Courts, or the battleground in France. They apologize, stating the audience, # 8220 ; But excuse, gentles all, the level unleavened liquors that hath dared on this unworthy scaffold to convey away so great an object # 8221 ; ( li 8-11 ) . It is hard to picture the life of King Henry V with all the award and glorification that he deserves when showing it on the phase. The chorus besides apologizes for the # 8220 ; crooked figure # 8221 ; of the Numberss involved in this incident. The audience is called upon to utilize their imaginativenesss in assisting to put the scene and to assist them to disregard all the incongruencies of the drama. The chorus asks the audience to visualize the armed forces and their Equus caballuss and the conflict scenes that took topographic point when watching the drama. And, that the events that happened took topographic point over several old ages, and for the interest of brevity, many parts will hold to be left out go forthing many spreads throughout the narrative, leaping from topographic point to topographic point, # 8220 ; turning the achievement of many old ages into an hourglass ; for the which to provide, acknowledge me Chorus to this history # 8221 ; ( li 30-32 ) . The Chorus will assist to make full in the spreads and to explicate what is traveling on so the audience will non acquire lost as the drama jumps about. The Chorus terminals by inquiring the audience to be patient as they view the drama. In this case, the Chorus # 8217 ; map is puting the phase for the remainder of the drama. It doesn # 8217 ; t uncover the secret plan or do any character developments. Alternatively, it serves as a go-between. Its map is to fix the audience for the drama that they are about to watch. In Act II, the map of the Chorus is to make full in the oversight of clip that has occurred since the clip when Henry made the determination to travel to war against France. The audience is informed that the English have been fixing to travel off to conflict. All the immature work forces of England are fall ining King Henry # 8217 ; s forces. The Chorus Tells of these brave work forces, # 8220 ; Now thrive the armourers, and award # 8217 ; s thought reigns entirely in the chest of every adult male # 8221 ; ( li 3-4 ) . It is out of award that these immature work forces have been driven to fall in their King to contend, and they wait in outlook. The English are described out of illustriousness, # 8220 ; O England, theoretical account to thy inward illustriousness, like small organic structure with a mighty bosom, what mightest 1000 do, that award would thee make, were all thy kids sort and natural # 8221 ; ( li16-19 ) . The Gallic, on the other manus, have found out about the En glish programs, and # 8220 ; agitate in fear. # 8221 ; They are be aftering to # 8220 ; deviate the English purposes. # 8221 ; In order to make so, they employ three corrupt English work forces, Richard Earl of Cambridge, Henry Lord Scroop of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey, knight of Northumberland, to assist France to cabal against the male monarch of England. They are to kill King Henry at Southampton before he is to put canvas for France. However, as we find out in Act II, the King finds out about the confederacy against him. He sets up to hold a test of a adult male who committed a junior-grade offense and has him set free to go on before the three plotters. He so reveals that he knows about their programs and arrests them for lese majesty. At the terminal of the prologue to Act II, the Chorus informs the audience that the scene is about to switch from London to Southampton, and so subsequently to France. The Chorus in Act III explains fo r the oversight in clip that has taken topographic point. The audience is urged to utilize their imaginativeness to make a mental image of what is taking topographic point. The Chorus uses really descriptive linguistic communication as they tell of the English fleet fixing to put canvas for France. Then the audience is told of the return of Exeter, the king’s embassador, from France where he met with the King of France. In Act II, he was sent to France to inquire the King to give up his Crown or else the English would travel to war with France. He declined, but said that he would see a counteroffer. Act II ended at that place, and now the Chorus tells that the king’s counteroffer was his girl, Katherine, and her dowery. However, Henry refused the offer, so the English set canvas for France. In the prologue to Act IV, the Chorus creates an image of the English and the Gallic cantonments. It is nighttime, and the two cantonments are waiting for the oncoming of morning, when the combat is to get down. The Gallic cantonment is described as # 8220 ; confident and over-lusty. # 8221 ; They are gathered around at their cantonment playing die, waiting uneasily for morning to come and for the combat to get down. At the English cantonment, the military personnels are non every bit confident as their enemy is. They wait for the danger that the forenoon holds for them, sad and frightened. They are cognizant that the Gallic are larger in Numberss and stronger than they are. The Chorus so gives a character development of King Henry. He is walking about from collapsible shelter to camp speaking to his soldiers. The King remains strong and confident before his work forces, giving them encouragement and assurance as he speaks with them, seeking to fix them for conflict. The Chorus giv es the audience a description, # 8220 ; Upon his royal face there is no note how apprehension an ground forces hath enrounded him ; nor doth he give one jot of colour unto the weary and all-watched dark ; but newly expressions, and overbears attaint with cheerful gloss and sweet stateliness ; that every wretch, aching and pale earlier, lay eyes oning him, gutsinesss comfort from his expressions. A largess universal, like the Sun, his broad oculus doth give to everyone, dissolving cold fright, that mean and pacify all behold, as may unworthiness define, a small touch of Harry in the dark # 8221 ; ( li 35-47 ) . The Chorus so takes the audience to the conflict scene, naming upon them to one time once more to utilize their imaginativenesss to visualize the conflict between the two states at the Battle of Agincourt. In the prologue to Act V, the Chorus, one time once more, asks the audience to conceive of certain events that have occurred since the stoping of the last act. The King has left France to travel back to London. Returning to London, King Henry # 8217 ; s Godheads wanted him # 8220 ; to hold borne his bruised helmet and his bent blade before him through the metropolis # 8221 ; ( li 17-19 ) . However, King Henry refused to make so, he wanted to be free of # 8220 ; vainness and self-glorious pride. # 8221 ; King Henry did non desire to take away from any of the glorification of God. He attributed all the triumph to God. Once he arrived in London, all of the people ran out to hearten. The Holy Roman Emperor besides came to London, from France, to recognize Henry in effort to set up some kind of peace. However, the effort was unsuccessful. The Chorus terminals by stating that King Henry has returned to France. In Act V, The two tribunals meet and discourse King Henry # 8217 ; s deman ds, his number one of which is to get married Katherine, which is granted. The drama closes with an epilogue by the Chorus. The Chorus tells how the existent event that took topographic point was much grander so that which was presented on phase. They close the narrative about the life of King Henry V by stating the audience that he had a boy, Henry VI, whom went on to win his male parent. During his boy # 8217 ; s reign, he proceeded to lose France, which has been depicted in other dramas. The Chorus has multiple maps in the drama. In act I, it set the scene and prepared the audience of what to anticipate. In act II, the Chorus sets the secret plan for the confederacy planned against the King. It besides brings out one of the major subjects that occurs throughout the drama, award. In act III, aid out with the secret plan utilizing imagination to assist the audience to visualize events taking topographic point. The prologue to move IV sets the scene up for the conflict. The Chorus besides gives the audience some penetration into the character of Henry V every bit good. The prologue to the last act fills in the oversight in clip that occurred since the conflict was won up to the point where Henry returns to France. The Epilogue closes the drama with the Chorus reminding the audience that the event depicted is difficult to show on phase due to lofty capable affair covering with such a great adult male as King Henry V. 316

NHC The Importance of a Human Resource Manager

In a poor community one of the most important things to have is a health facility. Health is wealth as the saying goes, a simple statement but true. A successful career and all the material wealth that comes with it is incomparable to health. But poverty provides barriers for those who are not insured and could not afford to pay the fees of a medical doctor or avail of the health services of a private clinic.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on NHC: The Importance of a Human Resource Manager specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, in poor places like North Suburbia it is imperative to maintain the Neighborhood health clinic (NHC). However, the NCH is plague with monetary and employee-related problems. There are many solutions that NHC leaders can consider but it can be argued that hiring a competent human resource manager is the most effective solution that can create an immediate positive effect. The Trouble at NHC There was a time when North Suburbia was an attractive place to live. Due to an economic boom in the 1980s, Caucasians, African-Americans, and Hispanics began to replace the American-Indians that used to dominate the region. After a while, and because of significant shifts in the economic climate of the place, African-Americans became the majority. However, this trend did not last for long because high cost of living and expensive housing drove many away and the vacuum left was soon filled in by Hispanics. The only common denominator is that most of the residents are poor regardless of their ethnic background. Poverty easily creates a chain reaction of negative effects. The workload increases but the patients that come to NHC cannot afford to pay the bills. The NHC cannot run on good will and compassion alone. It must have a steady cash flow in order to buy medicines, purchase necessary equipment and pay for the wages of the health workers. Thus, the members of the board and top leaders of NHC must also divide their time to not only manage the facility but also to raise funds for the health center. But aside from the lack of funds other pressing concerns threatens to shut down the NHC. There is a culture and communication issue. There is a need to have equal representation in terms of ethnic composition of the work force.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If NHC fails to attract African-American workers then the members of the black community would not be encouraged to use the services of the said facility, thinking that the place is run by Hispanics. If the situation is reversed the same thing will happen to the sentiments of the Spanish-speaking members of North Suburbia, they too will feel uncomfortable in availing the services of the NHC. The most sought after members of the community that should work in the health center are African-America ns; however, they are some of the most unreliable groups of workers that can be found at NHC. These are undependable workers because they are the byproduct of an environment struggling with a high crime rate, gangs, and drug use. According to one health officer: â€Å"some potential employees also had criminal records, were recovering from problems with substance abuse or had complicated family issues that could potentially interfere with their work schedules† (Denend, 2005, p.65). The situation calls for an expert in human resource management. It is of great importance to upgrade the workforce and the leadership core of NHC, nevertheless, â€Å"despite the tremendous need for training, NHC had been limited in the amount of time and money it devoted to staff development† (Denend, 2005, p.65). There must be continuous training to update the skills of the health workers. At the same time it is also crucial to bring them to a level of maturity and confidence in order to m inimize the risk of errors. Most Effective Solution At first glance the root cause of the problem is poverty and the lack of funds. But in truth these are social issues that NHC must not focus on. Surely it is important to increase the earning capacity of the members of the community but the main task of NHC is not to stimulate the economic recovery of the said region. At first glance it seems that members of the board must work harder when it comes to fund-raising endeavors. But weighing all the problems there is one action that can address a major portion of the issues. The leaders must put their heads together to attract and hire a competent human resources manager.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on NHC: The Importance of a Human Resource Manager specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The core problem was echoed by one employee who said, â€Å"There’s no HR here, so everything goes to management† ( Denend, 2005, p.66). Imagine the confusion and the burden carried by the officials of NHC when they try to put out fires without solving the root cause of the troubles that they face. They have to realize quickly that even if they raise funds, the money will be wasted on hiring the wrong people and the added cost of errors in the workplace, not to mention work-related violence, can close down the NHC. Members of the board must remember that there is a close connection between employee performance and customer satisfaction (Buttle, 2004). This is the domain of an HR manager. They are able to deal with an assortment of employment problems. The first order of business is to develop the correct strategies in order to hire the right personnel. It is therefore imperative to hire a competent HR manager because the HR department acts like a filter that will sift through the application data, in order to choose the right candidate for the task at hand. It is important to realize that recruit ment processes and strategies must be enhanced to adapt to the challenges faced by the community (Buttle, 2004, p.9). The HR manager must learn to use information to be able to predict to a certain degree that an applicant possess the right characteristics suited for the job. A competent HR manager possesses the right qualification to provide the necessary training for the employees. A competent HR manager also understands the ethical issues that are in existence. Therefore, the hiring process as well as the methodologies used for training the employees must be carefully studied so that there would be no complaints from the community. Nevertheless, it is not enough to hire the right people and train them; an effective motivation program must also exist.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More HR managers know the value of motivation and the need for employees to work at the highest levels. They are aware that motivation enables health workers to strive for a higher standard of service excellence (Moynihan Pandey, 2007, p.803). HR managers are trained to develop and maintain a system of monitoring in order to determine the performance of the members of the staff. They know how to detect a significant drop in performance levels and when that occurs a competent HR manager is also capable of raising-up the standards once again. HR managers must work closely with the management team at NHC to pinpoint proven methods of motivation so that it will meet changes in the community and at the same time inspire the workforce (Boella Goss-Turner, 2005, p.42). The members of the board and other managers are focused on the medical aspect of the health center and can easily neglect the needs of the workers. The need to motivate employees is imperative in every form of business but in t he case of NHC it is a matter of life and death. It is not just about profit but the survival of the community. Without a reliable workforce, the health center will be forced to shut down. Motivation is the key but it is not a byproduct of wishful thinking, it is the result of careful planning. It requires specific knowledge and experience on how to manage the human resources aspect of the NHC. Conclusion It is easy to understand why the members of the board focused on raising funds. Without a sustainable source of income the NHC can close down in a year or two. However, a focus on the monetary aspect of the problem will never solve most of the issues because at the core of the problem is the lack of management expertise, especially in the area of human resource management. Even if the said facility has access to money, the current crop of employees are unable to maximize it to help those in need. Tardiness, errors in the workplace and unsatisfactory service easily defeat the purpos e of the NHC. The goal is to help people and therefore aside from the need to purchase medicines and equipment it is imperative to have well-trained and well-motivated health workers doing their job. The most important step is to hire a competent HR manager in order to increase the efficiency of the NHC and reduce its overhead costs so that the funds can be stretched even further to provide service for those who are desperately in need of medical care. References Boella, M. Goss-Turner, S. (2005). Human Resource Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Buttle, F. (2004). Customer Relationship Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Denend, L. (2005). Neighborhood Health Clinic: Serving the Underserved in a Complex Environment. CA: Stanford Graduate School of Business. Moynihan, D. S. Pandey. (2007). Finding Workable Levers Over Work Motivation: Comparing Satisfaction, Job Involvement, and Organizational Commitment. Administration and Society, 39(7), 803-832. This case study on NHC: The Importance of a Human Resource Manager was written and submitted by user Rene K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Discuss how understanding the relationship between Brenda and Tony Last Essays

Discuss how understanding the relationship between Brenda and Tony Last Essays Discuss how understanding the relationship between Brenda and Tony Last Essay Discuss how understanding the relationship between Brenda and Tony Last Essay Essay Topic: The Namesake It is clear from the start that Tony and Brendas relationship is doomed. Brenda, a former socialite, is completely and utterly bored with her monotonous relationship, and completely and utterly bored with her equally monotonous husband, and this is best conveyed in Waughs depiction of the couples breakfast routine. Waugh seems to have the ambition of emphasizing his skepticism for relationships, and does so by writing the sad tale of Tony and Brenda Last. Waugh creates a sense of monotony easily and skillfully. For example, Only four of the six churches were visible that morning. This is a perfect example of how boring Tonys character really is. One of his daily highlights is to see church spires out of Brendas window. Everyday. The author really wants to convey to the audience that here is a man who is very much stuck in his ways. He shows no desire for change and adventure, which is exactly what Brenda desires. When Tony responds to an invitation to a party with Not on her life! Brenda replies with, No, I guessed not. She is resigned to putting up with her dull life, and seems, at first at the very least, quite self-sacrificial and to be a considerate wife. However, it is also evident that she shows little affection for Tony. When he enters the bedroom in which they are taking their breakfast, she simply greets him with kiss, which is quite possibly the most dispassionate way of asking for a kiss ever. Brenda kisses by turning her lips away and rubbing against his cheek like a cat. It was a way she had. The author truly conveys a distinct lack of passion or genuine affection, Brenda acted out if habit, not out of self will. He also didnt receive a real kiss, showing their relationship was missing any fire, leading the reader to doubt Brendas true feelings for Tony. Waugh stresses the differences between Tony and Brenda with subtlety, she had insisted on a modern bed. Their relationship is presented in a very unsympathetic manner, and also as the stereo-type of an upper class relationship during the era, thus foreshadowing the end of the relationship. Forster has also shown the effects that being a member of the upper -class on his characters. Cecil endeavors to remove Lucy of the Honeychurch taint . Forster constantly forewarns the demise of Lucy and Cecils relationship, as does Waugh. Lucy has refused Cecils offer or marriage three times before he finally accepts, showing her severe reluctance. The engagement is a sham, a front for Lucys relationship with George, much like Brendas marriage covering her affair with John Beaver. Waugh seems to also hint at the destruction of the couples marriage simply by giving the couple different bedrooms, Morgan le Fay and Guinevere. This shows a strong sense of irony, as Guinevere herself was said to be adulterous, suggesting Brendas impending infidelity. Her treachery is indicated when being referred to as like a mermaid, a Nereid emerging from fathomless depths of clear water. Waugh also uses techniques such as describing Brenda and Tony as two separate people, rather than a couple. Furthermore, this seems to be a new concept in the Hetton manor, breaking family traditions, as Tonys parents were known to be inseperable in Guinevere. This emphasizes the differences between the couple, showing that the marriage was already loveless from the offset. Tonys ignorance of his wifes mounting boredom is how Waugh prevents him as the male naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½f in the novel. Which highlights Waughs reference to Morgan Le Fay with the inability to see what is right before his own eyes. Waugh is particularly good at foreshadowing future events in his novel with possibly suggestive speech. Brenda says to Mr. Beaver at the end of his visit to Hetton next time you come with warns the reader of a future encounter between the pair. This is seems to hint at Brendas imminent adultery and her unfaithful nature. Waugh also uses his description of John Beaver as a means of foreshadowing the relationships demise. He presents Beaver in a highly derogatory light, as a man who is dull and spends his time scrounging off others. He got up late and sat near the telephone most of the day, hoping to be rung up shows that he would rather waste time than pay his own way. Simply the name is an ironic choice, as it doesnt suit his character. Beavers, by nature, are industrious and hard-working animals, and John Beaver is as far removed from his namesake as could be. Waugh shows that he has absolutely no prospects of employment. By portraying him in this way, Waugh depicts to the reader how desperate and lonely Brenda really is, as she will take up any company available. This is further expressed by how quickly she warms to Beaver. At the first hint of Beavers arrival, Brenda suggests that he can go into Galahad, no one who sleeps there ever comes again. However, she soon changes her mind, Next time you co me again you must have a better room I daresay you wont ever come again, people so seldom do. She is charmed, somehow, after spending only a day with him, and is eager to spend more time in his company. This further serves to highlight Tonys naivety and his misguided trust in his wife, which he does throughout the novel. Waugh also hints at Tonys naivety continuously throughout the novel. Tony states that Brenda was heroic with Beaver, to which she replies that she was coping with it, and she enjoyed his company, hinting at their growing intimacy. Waugh begins to refer to Brenda and Beaver as they showing that they are now a couple. The fact that Tony notices none of this further alludes to his naivety. When Brenda sends a telegram to Tony, she finishes with love to you both, which is ironic considering that she is seeing another man behind Tonys back, therefore leading Tony into a false sense of security about his marriage. As the novel progresses, Evelyn Waugh unveils more and more of Brendas true character. The unsavory nature of Beavers character is enhanced throughout the book by dark imagery. His room is gloomy and cluttered and he emerged from the shadows below. It is clear that this is not a character the audience should support. Forster uses similar techniques in his novel to describe Cecil. Forster, unlike Waugh uses physical descriptions his characters rather than use of dialogue. Cecil was medieval, like a gothic statue. Cecil snored on in his darkened room. These are stark contrasts to Forsters description of George, Lucys other love interest. The view was golden, enveloped by light and beauty. George is presented as bright and colorful, and seems to make Lucy come alive, and Forster portrays George accordingly. Waugh also alludes to Brendas infidelity many times throughout the novel. When asked about her doings in London by her husband, Brenda replies that she has been behaving rather badly to tell the truth, and also outright telling Tony that she has been carrying on madly with young men. This shows Tonys lack of understanding, as he sees Brendas confession as a sarcastic comment. It also conveys both Tonys loyalty and his naivety, as he perceives her character as one who would not have such affairs. His trust makes him see his wifes affair as a poor taste joke. Brenda lets out that she doesnt really deserve Tonys kindness, admitting that she has been carrying on anyhow for the week. Waugh makes Brenda make a mockery out of Tony, toying with his emotion. This shows the reader how easily manipulated Tony is, whilst at the same time showing Brendas true nature. She is clever at using her husbands feelings in her favor, making him feel bad when she is in the wrong. This is emphasized when Tony arrives to visit Brenda in London. She makes him feel guilty for arriving unannounced, and claims she is too busy to see him. Im going out darling, you shouldve rung ahead. Tony is so blinded by naivety that he cannot see how strange this behavior is. However, despite not being able to see that his wife is cheating on him, Tony is intuitive to the fact that he is being pushed out of his wifes life. They call me old boy. I know they laugh at me. Waugh creates characters that do not evolve as the novel progresses, allowing you to sympathize with and admire Tony. He is named Tony Last as he is the last in a dying breed of true English gentlemen, and Waugh wants to convey his disgust in the new middle classs abandonment of traditional morals, using satire to portray his sadness at the emergence of a new flapper girl culture. Forster, conversely, uses rounded characters who mature and adapt as A room with a View unfolds. Whereas Waugh wants to show how he doesnt want culture and society, and even people to change, Forster has a more accepting view of this. A room with a view is also lacking in Waughs cynical satire, taking a more romantic view on relationships. Lucy, the central character, eventually ends up with George, her true love, proving that love can overcome many obstacles. However, in a Handful of dust the protagonist is left in the Amazon jungle. It is apparent from the offset that Brenda and Tonys relationship is doomed in the novel A handful of Dust. Waugh makes their differences clear throughout the novel, also making clear his distaste at the relationships within the English Upper-class. Brendas further progression into a relationship with Jock Grant-Menzies, whilst Lucy remains with George, further emphasizes Waugh and Forsters different views, with Waughs satirical sadness contrasting with Forsters acceptance and romanticism. Despite Lucy and Cecils relationship being doomed, she did not act as unscrupulously with George as Brenda with Beaver, and this is the key point of comparison between the two novels. A Room with a View is a tale of love, hope and morality. A handful of Dust is an account of the authors sadness as the demise of conventions in adapting upper-class society.

Transitive unaccusative1 verb constructions in Mandarin Essay

Transitive unaccusative1 verb constructions in Mandarin - Essay Example 1. Perlmutter (1978) and Bwzio (1986) suggested that the class of intransitive verbs is non-homogenous, and it is composed of two subclasses: unaccusative and unergative verbs. This paper focuses on unaccusative verbs. The cases of unergative verbs are different with unaccusative, which will be discussed in Section 4. In Mandarin, there also exits an alternation of unaccusative verbs into transitive verbs (here we do not limit it to causative verbs, because we do not know its syntactic representation yet) without inserting a verb. We make a hypothesis that the syntactic configurational approach to event structures for the transitivity alternation in English (Hale and Keyser 1991, 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999) can apply to the structure of transitive unaccusative verb constructions in Mandarin. Next, we will give the reason for this hypothesis, and check our hypothesis by Mandarin data. The body of research created by Hale and Keyser (1991, 1993, 1997, 1999) implies that relevant syntactic configurations predetermine event structures the event structures of VPs and NPs’ thematic status inside them. Hale & Keyser state that deriving of English deadjectivals and denominals subjected to complex syntactic structures; thereby, the rules of UG, such as ECP, affect the relevant derivations. Basically, Hale & Keyser’s assumption implies that syntactic means affect derivation of lexical units, while syntactic operations insure derivation of the argument structures. Hale &Keyser virtually exc

Children of Immigrants in Qubec - Theoretical Framework Research Paper

Children of Immigrants in Qubec - Theoretical Framework - Research Paper Example The case study followed three post-secondary students whose first language was French and studied the degree and application of academic biliteracy that each student demonstrated in his or her academic writing assignments. The case study took place in Ottawa, Canada, which as the capital of Canada is a fully bilingual environment, both French and English. The author chose this article because the theoretical framework applied in this particular study has similar resonance and application to the author’s topic of "Children of Immigrants in Quebec". The goal of this paper is to discuss the key aspects of theoretical frameworks and demonstrate why researchers develop and apply theoretical frameworks to their academic study topics in the field of education. The theoretical framework used by Guillaume Gentil relates in several cases to the key themes that the author is currently pursuing in the "Children of Immigrants in Quebec" study, most notably the ideas of individual voices an d construction of identity as it pertains to first language. Guillaume Gentil built theoretical framework using elements from the continua model of biliteracy developed by Hornberger; the critical social theory work created by Bourdieu and also applied philosophical hermeneutics to the framework (Bourdieu, 1998; Hornberger, 1989). Guillaume Gentil applied this framework to test his hypothesis that â€Å"individual biliterate development [is] a subjective and intersubjective evaluative response to social contexts of possibilities for biliteracy† (Gentil, 2005, p. 421). Upon the completion of the two and a half year case study, the research that Guillaume Gentil amassed, including examination of each case study member’s compromises and sometimes circuitous routes followed in order to fully commit to and uphold a bilingual academic writing environment in an landscape dominated by English demonstrated â€Å"the challenges and resources of bilingual writers to uphold their commitment to academic biliteracy within English-dominant institutional and disciplinary contexts† (Gentil, 2005, p. 421). Similarly, within the topic of "Children of Immigrants in Quebec", multiple challenges arise for first generation children of immigrant parents in Quebec to commit to and adhere to an often multilingual environment, including the language or languages spoken at home, the cultural link to the languages spoken in the home country and the bilingual environment of the province of Quebec. The overall goal therefore is to demonstrate the author’s comprehension of the concept of theoretical frameworks, using Gentil's theoretical framework to relate to the topic of "Children of Immigrants in Quebec". The paper will begin with a discussion of the theories Guillaume Gentil applied to build the theoretical framework of Commitments to Academic Biliteracy: Case Studies of Francophone University Writers and analyze their importance to the study. The paper will a lso analyze the theoretical framework of this study and draw parallels between it and the "Children of Immigrants in Quebec" study. Theoretical Frameworks: Overview The main purpose and value of a theoretical framework is to prove the specific hypothesis that the researcher develops (Anfara & Mertz, 2006; Cline, n.d.). A theoretical frame

Kautilyas Arthasastra: Military Aspects

Kautilyas Arthasastra: Military Aspects CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. Army has been regarded from time immemorial as one of the essential instruments for the maintenance of a state. Kings, not only in India but throughout the ancient world, maintained well organised and well equipped armies both for the defence and expansion of their kingdoms. History is abounds in instances that whenever any ruler or state neglected the proper maintenance of their armies, unpleasant results in the form of loss of sovereignty or territory have occurred. The study of the organisation and administration of the army of a particular country in a particular period shall always give clues of its basic fabric. The topic under study deals with the role of Kautilyas Arthasastra in organising and administrating large armies and its relevance in todays world armies. 2. Kautilyas Arthasastra had never been forgotten in India and is often mentioned in later literature, sometimes eulogistically and sometimes derisively. But the text itself was not available in modern times until, dramatically, a full text on palm leaf in the grantha script , along with a fragment of an old commentary by Bhattasvamin, came into the hands of Dr R Shamasastry of Mysore in 1904 who was then the Librarian of the Mysore Government Oriental Library. He published not only the text (1909) and an English translation (1915) but also an index Verborum in three volumes listing every word in the text. Subsequently another original manuscript and some fragments, in a variety of scripts, were discovered as well as old commentaries of the text. An another author Dr RP Kangle of the University of Bombay devoted many years of painstaking edition and comparing the various texts and translations. His monumental three volume edition of the Arthashastra was first published between 1960 a nd 1965 with detailed note.[1] 3. Kautilyas Arthasastra is a treatise on artha and sastra. [3]. Artha is an all- embracing word with a variety of meanings in 1.7.6-7 , it is used in the sense of material well being; in 15.1.1 livelihood; in 1.4.3, economically productive activity, particularly in agriculture, cattle rearing and trade ; and, in general, wealth as in the wealth of nations. Arthashastra is thus the science of politics as it is used in 1.1.1 or 1.4.3 .It is the art of governance in its widest sense. The subjects covered include administration; law, order and justice; taxation, revenue and expenditure; foreign policy; defence and war. 4. Kautilyas Arthasastra contains fifteen adhikaranas or books. Of these the first five deal with tantra or the internal administration of the state. The next eight deals with avapa or its relation with the neighbouring states and the last two are miscellaneous in character. The eighth adhikarna or book is concerned with vyasanas, that is, the calamities ,shortcomings or weakness affecting the various prakritis. It is necessary to overcome the shortcomings before any aggressive activity can be undertaken. The ninth adhikarna deals with preparation for war and describe the kinds of troops that should be mobilised for an expedition, the proper seasons for starting an expedition, the precautions to be taken and the dangers to be guarded against before starting and so on . The tenth book deals with fighting, and describes the camping of the army, its march, various modes of fighting, types of battle arrays and other topics.[4]Thus this study shall primarily concentrate on book eight, nin e and ten in particular and other books in general. 5. The Legend K autilya : This mastermind, who could write a definitive treatise on economics and government at a time when large parts of the world was steeped in intellectual darkness? All sources of Indian tradition – Brahmanical , Buddist and jain-agree that Kautilya (also refer to as Vishnugupta in a stanza included at the end of the work) destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandra Gupta Maurya in the throne of Magadha. The name Kautilya denotes that he is of the Kutila gotra ; Chanakya shows him to be the son of Chanaka and Vishnugupta was his personal name[6] Kautilya then retired from active life and reflected on all that he had learnt during the process of overthrowing Dhana-Nanda. Since he found the earlier works on statecraft unsatisfactory in many respects, he composed his own definitive work presenting his ideas concerning the ways in which a ruler should gain power and maintain his authority. He was way ahead of his times in his thinking and covered every conceivable aspect on th e art of politics and warfare, which could be imagined at the time he lived. For Kautilya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Kautilyas Arthashastra is a practical work which could have been written only by one who had implemented the tactics which he preached. How to form alliances, how to organise and administer them, how to attack a powerful king, how to deal with revolts in rear, what tricks to play on gullible people- there is plenty of evidence in the text to indicate that the author was giving real life answers to every conceivable hypothetical situation. 6. Statecraft and battle craft have changed over the centuries due to the fast changing technology and increasing requirements of human beings. Kautilya a mastermind contributed immensely to the development of the same, his extraordinary arrangement of battle groups in war and administering them during peace keeping all extraneous factors in mind still remains a masterpiece for century armies. CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY Statement of Problem 7. To study the military aspects as enunciated by Kautilya in Arthashastra with a specific reference to organisation and administration and analyse its relevance for todays armies. Justification of the Study 8. The Legend Kautilya in his renowned work ARTHASHASTRA has dealt with various contemporary subjects which formed the basis of Chandragupta Mauryas rule and victories, in fact there is a general view that Kautilyas Arthashastra deals only with matters of foreign policy and economy. It is seldom realised that a great portion of this book does in fact, deal extensively with matters of military, he indeed consolidated all the prevailing grand strategy and tactics of those times and gave his expert opinion on the subjects, which ultimately led to victories of Chandragupta Maurya , who never lost a single campaign. It thus emerges that the brilliance of Kautilya was not only in diplomacy but also in warfare, but the fact that strikes out is that he was able to lay down methods to organise and manage the armed forces in a vast empire. The concepts of military administration and organisation in war and peace were inadvertently covered and spread out in all the adhikaranas, thus leading for topic of research for bringing forth, integrating and analysing those sublime aspects of organisation and administration which formed the bed rock of administering and organising large armies as of Mauryan empire, and at the same time analyse its relevance for 20th century armies. Scope 9. This study concentrates on the relevance of Kautilyas teachings with regard to military aspects in general and organisational and administrational aspects in detail including the aspects of tactics, strategy. The study aims to focus on aspects, which are still relevant for the better management of a large army like ours. 10. Methods of Data Collection. The information has been gathered from books, journals and the internet. The bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the text. Chapterisation 11. The subject under study shall be covered under following chapters: CHAPTER III : ORGANISATION OF ARMY 12. Chandragupta maintained a large standing army , though he acquired a big army from his Nanda predecessors, he made impressive accretions to its strength, so that it stood at six lakh infantry,30000 horses,9000 elephants and 8000 chariots . An efficient war office supervised this powerful army. Its thirty members were divided into five member boards . The six boards were : (a) Admirality. (b) Transport. (c) Commissariat and Army Service Infantry. (d) Cavalry. (e) Chariots. (f) Elephants. 13. Kautilya had divided the army into four arms i.e Patti or Padati(Infantry), Asva(Cavalry), Ratha(Chariots) and Hast (Elephants) and hence it was named as Chaturangabala or the four limbed army headed by their respective Adyakshas or Superintendents[7]. They had Following roles to play: (a) War Elephants. The king relied mainly on elephants for achieving victory in battles. They were the premium arm of the army and relied on their strength and shock effect to route the enemy from the battle field. They were required to destroy all arms of the service of the enemy and to break his battle formations. Kautilya has laid much emphasis on the use of elephants as a battle winning factor with following functions: (i) Marching in front, making new roads. (ii) Protecting the flanks. (iii) Helping to cross water and climb and descend from mountains. (iv) Breaking up enemys unbroken ranks, trampling enemys army. (v) Causing terror, capturing battle positions. (vi) Destroying ramparts, gates, and towers. (b) The Cavalry. The cavalry being the most mobile arm in the army was used to influence the battle. It was tasked for the following. (i) Reconnoitring battle grounds, camping sites, forests. (ii) Securing level grounds, water supply sources. (iii) Destroying enemies and protecting own supplies and reinforcements. (iv) Extending the range of raids. (v) Assault the enemys battle formation. (vi) Attack the enemy from the rear. (vii) Cut off the enemys line of supply. (viii) Isolate the enemys strong point. (ix) Feign retreat so as to persuade the en to pursue, once the enemy lost its cohesion the cavalry was supposed to turn around and rout him. (x) Restoration of sit by plugging gaps in own def made by enemys assault. (xi) Making the initial attack, penetrating or breaking through (xii) Pursue the defeated en. (xiii) Rallying the troops.[8] (c) Chariots. The war chariots had lost their effectiveness particularly against well trained cavalry, Maurian army retained war chariots as an independent arm, and they were restricted to a single offensive role of launching a charge against infantry and a near static defensive role. The arm lacked versatility and was too sensitive to terrain; it could produce result only under ideal conditions. According to Kautilya the chariots were to act as the mainstay of the formation in offensive and defensive roles. Their main function was to break up the opponents battle formation during offensive operations and repulse the enemy assault own formation and recapture lost ground by counter attack. (d) Infantry. There were primarily two types of infantry in Mauryan times, archers and spearmen and both were employed together. Archers performed the role of close support weapons as well as artillery and spearman carried out close combat. The spearman carried a large shield for protection. Chandragupta Maurya had turned the infantry into large standing force like the other three arms in the service. Infantry was the main fighting arm as it had the ability to fight over all types of terrain during all seasons and both by day and night. They were also used to protect captured grounds. Apart from the tasks mentioned above, the infantry was also supposed to give close support to the other arms ie the Elephants and the Chariots[9]. Organizational Structure 14. Kautilya had emphasised on hierarchal system for administration of army. The structure of the defence forces at the highest levels was as shown below: Commander -in- Chief Senapati(Chief of Defence) Chief Commanders of Chariot Corps Elephant Corps Cavalry Infantry Divisional Commanders 28. The chief of the four wings were subordinates to the chief of defense. Under the Chief Commanders, there were Divisional commanders. There were other officers such as Camp Superintendents who were given specific functions during the march to battle. The structure below the level of Divisional Commanders is specific to battles. 29. Every division of the formation had its own distinguishing trumpet sound, flags and banners, these were be used to signal the commands to the division-dividing themselves in to sections, joining together ,halting, advancing, turning and attacking. Battalion commanders and Divisional Commanders were responsible for moblisation and demoblisation. Secret agents, prostitutes, artists and artisans and retired military officers were kept to watch over the loyalty or otherwise of soldiers. Duties of Defence Officials 30. The Chief of Defence. (a) Qualifications. The chief of defence was suppose to be an expert in the use of all kinds of weapons used in warfare, riding elephants, horses and chariots and he was conversant with the relative strength of the four wings of the army and how to deploy them in battle. (b) Responsibilities. (i) Discipline in armed forces. (ii) Formations. (iii) Strategy and Tactics. (aa) Choose the best time to start an expedition. (ab) Choose the best terrain and the best season for fighting. (ac) Arrange the disposition of own forces (in the light of the enemies array). (ad) Plan the breakup of the enemies rank. (ae) Destroy enemies scattered troops. (af) Besiege and destroy enemy forts. 31. The Chief Commander Of Elephant Corps. Responsibilities were:- (a) Protection of elephants. (b) Construction and Maintenance of stables, stalls. (c) Training of elephants. (d) Assigning tasks to them. (e) Equipping them for war 32. The Chief Commanders Of Other Corps. Responsibilities Common to all were: (a) Knowledge of different type of equipment needed for his wing and use of such equipment in war. (b) Giving appropriate training. (c) Keeping account of equipment and animals under his charge. (d) Maintaining their equipment in good condition and repairing them when necessary. (e) Supervising the work of all employed by him. (f) Maintaining Discipline. (g) Reporting to the king the state of readiness of his troops[10]. 33. Other Commanders:- (a) Commander of the Kings Guard (Antarvamsika). This very high official, who ranked just below the seven highest paid officials including the senapati, must have been an army general, promoted after having held the appointment of director-general of his own arm. He was directly in line for promotion to senapati. He was in the pay scale of 24,000 pannas, in the same scale as the kings chamberlain and the chancellor. His importance was due to his responsibility for the security of the king and other members of the royal family in the palace. There must have been two other officers directly under his command who assisted him in ensuring the safety and security of the king and the royal family. One was the commander of the male guards who guarded the palace and the commander of the female archers who were detailed as immediate guards for the kings person and his personal quarters. (b) Commander of the Marches (Antapala) The antapala was responsible for guarding the borders of the State. For this purpose border posts were established; their primary purpose was a check on entry of enemy agents, undesirable elements, collection of customs duties and control over the entry of foreigners. Kautilya advocates the establishment of only four border posts, one in each direction of the compass. The siting of border posts on naturally defensible terrain is advocated so these must have served a defensive purpose as well. The antapala must have been a military officer, possibly with detachments from the army for the protection of his posts. (c) Durgapala. Durgapala (fort commanders) must have been army officers who also commanded detachments of regular troops which acted as garrisons, Kautilya mentions at least one fortified city or capital of the State which needed a durgapala. In the text, he refers to other forts. sited to take advantage of naturally defensible terrain. Larger States obviously had more than one fort which acted as bases for military operations and offered refuge in case of need. Types of Troops 33. Kautilya lists six types of troops which may become available to a king and examines the relative merits. The troops are maula (standing army), bhrta (local volunteers auxiliaries), serni (organized mercenaries), mitra ( trops of an ally), amrta ( enemy deserters) and atavi ( tribal levies). [11] (a) Maula Troops. These are the standing army of a state composed of soldiers who may have served the kings family for several generations. They are residents of the state and their interest coincides with those of the king. Their loyalty is assured, their weapons, equipments and the animals are the best the state can provide and their motivation and state of training is high. It is however only prudent that a proportion of this force be left behind for the security of the state. Kautilya recommends that around one- fourth of the maula troops be left in the capital. The maula troops should form a large part of an expeditionary force if : (i) The enemys troops are well trained. (ii) The campaign is expected to be difficult and hard. (iii) Other available troops are unreliable. (iv) Surplus maula troops are available after fully meeting the requirements of the capital and the rest of the state. (b) Bhrta troops. These are locally raised volunteers engaged for the duration of the campaign. They are either veterans or first time volunteers, usually trained in the handling of personals weapons. By profession they were either farmers or small traders who decided to take part in a campaign. As natives they have a stake in the security and welfare of the state. Such troops are reverted back to their professions after the end of the campaign. Their employment is recommended if:- (i) The enemy is weak and a large number of volunteers are available. (ii) The campaign is expected to be easy with little actual fighting. (iii) Success is more or less assured by the use of other means like covert operations or diplomatic efforts. (c) Sreni troops. These were trained, equipped and organised bodies of mercenaries under their own leaders who were available for hire to fight for a specified period of time. Their employment is recommended when:- (i) The opposing forces consist of primarily mercenaries. (ii) Much hard fighting is not anticipated. (iii) Sreni troops are available in adequate numbers for the campaign as well as for the defence of the capital. (d) Mitra troops. These are troops loaned for a campaign by an ally. Their utilisation is advocated if :- (i) Such troops are available in large numbers. (ii) A short campaign is anticipated because of good chances of early success of diplomatic moves underway. (iii) To oblige an ally. (iv) It is proposed to deal at first with the irregular part of enemys army, with his allies and his population centres, prior to attacking his main forces. (e) Amrita troops. These comprise enemy deserters and prisoners of war. They are not to be trusted but their employment is recommended if the eventual outcome of battle is of little consequence. (f) Atavi Levies. These were bands of tribesmen from the jungle who join the king under the command of their own chiefs with the primary purpose of collecting loot. These bands and amitra troops are unreliable and Kautilya considers both categories as dangerous as a snake. The above two categories of troops may be employed if:- (i) If they are available in large numbers to attack the enemys cities and irregular troops. (ii) It is proposed to delay the employment of the main force. (iii) It is Politic to get rid of them because their loyalty is suspect. Atavi troops may be employed as guides or to counter the use of similar to levies by the enemy both categorys of troops. 34. An army composed of units recruited from diverse sources and ready to fight for plunder may be an energetic army. On the other hand, an army whose soldiers belong to the same region, caste or profession is a mighty army; it will continue to fight even if its pay is in arrears and there is shortage of food. It shows bravery even in adverse conditions and its loyalty cannot be subverted. 35. A king should make efforts to obstruct the mobilisation of his opponent. His potential recruits should be intercepted and if necessary recruited into own army. Such personnel should however be discharged at the right time but well before the commencement of actual operations. Analysis 36. A close analysis of Organisational structure propounded by Kautilya in his Arthashastra is a sterling resemblance of what is followed in Indian Army with slight modifications. And it is clearly evident that the basic finer intricacies of the organisation remained the same though the gross structure underwent a change keeping latest technological development in mind. 37. Kautilya was way ahead in his times with clear vision and military thinking thus created an organisational structure catering for civil supremacy and ensured effective coordination between various components of the army which is still relevant at large. Chandra Gupta Maurya had a large standing army to manage similar to that of Indian Army and without a sound organisational structure it would have been virtually impossible to achieve victories which he had set for himself. 38. Kautilya had clearly categorised his army into various corps i.e Cavalry, Elephants, Infantry, Chariots etc with a clear division of roles in war, which is very much akin to our present system of various line directorates in our armies. He had also formed clear command and control structure with minimum scope for ambiguity. He had emphasised on Hierarchical system Command and control in armed forces some 2300 years ago which is still relevant in todays times. 39. The organisation of the Maruan army was little different than the one followed in our army today. Though a striking similarity is the presence of the adyakshas that can be related to our line directorate which are too led by a Lieutenant General. The rank structure is not restricted to any arm but common throughout the army. To elaborate, the pattika was a rank not belonging to a particular arm but he commanded elements of all the arms. This helped in better command and control. This also ensured of a clear demarcation of command structure which was irrespective of the arm, this practice is still followed. 40. When coming to appointment of heads of departments, Kautilya had ensured that they had requisite degree of qualifications for tenanting that kind of appointment and had a clear defined standards and roles for all of them, which is still largely relevant in our armies where selection processes ensure that the said officer had undergone necessary courses and has a requisite skills suitable for tenanting that kind of appointment. 41. Kautilya had imposed various degrees of confidence in terms of loyalty and integrity depending upon the community of troops, probably a relevant thing in those times, but in present times it is debatable whether it is relevant or not as for some community specific armies it may hold good but in Indian context, though the Indian army still have pure regiments based on caste system but the pedestal of loyalty and integrity attributed to each community is the same thus this particular thing is not relevant to Indian Army of present times. 42. Kautilya proposed to have a standing core army consisting of officials down to the Pattika and the regular soldiers to be recruited for the period of war. Specialists like elephant riders archers etc were also recommended to be retained as permanent soldiers. Though India has a large standing army which is used both for protection of its borders and for launching offensive. There is no differentiation in the kind of troops used for both the tasks as envisaged by Kautilya. Probably We can have smaller standing army which can be well trained and equipped with the best of the equipment. On the other hand we can have a larger component of Territorial Army that can be mobilised before an operation. The defensive formation can have Territorial Army and some of the regular troops where as the strike formations can be composed of regular troops. This will help in reducing the defence expenditure and the money saved could be better used for equipping and training of the regular troops. CHAPTER IV: ORGANISATI ON OF LAND FORCES IN OPERATIONS Brave men, giving up their lives in good battles, reach in one moment even beyond those (worlds), which Brahmins, desirous of heaven, reach by a large number of sacrifices, by penance and by many gifts to worthy persons- Kautilya 43. Kauilya gives an exhaustive description of how to arrange the land forces for a set piece of battle, starting with positioning various kinds of forces at various echelons of battle field after giving due considerations to planning parameters. War fighting as propounded by Kautilya has an uncanny resemblance to the methodology in practice today. He was a believer of a strong central force along with two wings which can manoeuvre and the importance of reserves. He is perhaps one of the first thinkers to suggest a tactical grouping of forces with a clear cut commander. This helped in easier organisation of the forces as well as downsizing the army when not in need. Tactical Grouping. 44. Grouping of arms for battle at the lowest level has been practised in ancient India since epic times. Kautilya suggested a standard form of grouping of all arms, for the first time ever. The suggested groups corresponds to a remarkable degree with the current practice in modern armies adopted well after WW II . The lowest grouping was at platoon level, a group now referred to as combat team. Because of this remarkable similarity, the modern designations of combat team, combat group and combat command.[12] Each horse was supported by six foot soldiers three of which were archers (Pratiyodhas) and the remaining three were armed with a sword, spear and a shield (Pratigopas) Initially the archers were placed in front so that they could exploit the range of their weapons and as the battle came to close contact, they would recede and the pratigopas would come in front. 45. Patti. Each elephant or a chariot enjoyed the support of five horse groups. This entire group including an elephant / chariot, five horses, 15 Pratiyodhas and 15 Pratigopas formed the lowest tactically grouped sub unit called the Patti. The patti was commanded by a Pattika. 46. Sena. Consisted of ten patties and was commanded by a Senapati or a battle group under a battalion/regimental commander and ten or less senas formed a brigade commanded by a Nayaka. 47. Intervals .There are two sets of intervals or gaps between the files and ranks laid down by Kautilya, one is a narrow gap with the proviso to increase it by double or three times and the other is a larger gap between archers which extends to other arms. It is possible that smaller gaps are for forming up on ceremonial and drill purposes (close order) were archers do not need extended space and larger intervals (open order) for battle information. In a battle formation adopted in an open order the minimum gap between two files of archers was one dhanu(bow) of five hastas(forearm) or 2.5 mtrs, between horses it was three dhanu(7.5 mtrs) and between elephants or Chariots it was five dhanus(12.5 mtrs). The interval between the centre and a wing as well as a wing and its flank was also 12.5 mtr. Kautilya does not indicate the gap to be maintained between ranks but it may safely be assumed that the interval between sub ranks,ie. Within a rank of elephant or chariots, i.e between a sub rank of patiyodhas and a horse would be three dhanus and between ranks, i.e the rare sub rank or padagopas of the front rank and the front sub rank of patiyodhas of the second or centre rank would be five dhanus(12.5 mtrs). These intervals could be increased in accordance with the ground available for battle and the size of the force to be deployed. 48. Reserves. Reserves held an important place in the battle formations as per Kautilya, reserves were directly involved in shaping of the battle field and were placed directly under the control of the king. A firm base was to be established on a suitable terrain approximately 600 -700 m behind the army and it was here that the reserves were placed. The reserve consisted of about one third of the best available troops. The king was advised to be stationed at this firm base after the actual fighting commenced and be in a position to influence the battle by sending reinforcement when and where needed and to make the firm base as a rallying point in case of a reverse.[13] 49. Standard battle formation (vyuha). A standard brigade group was formed for battle is referred to as a standard battle formation or array. Additions and alterations were made to it, according to a formula, in order to accommodate additional troops available for deployment. The standard brigade group deployed five senas each which contained nine to ten pattis; total troops deployed were: (a) Elephants or Chariots : 45 (b) Horses : 225 (c) Patiyodhas(archers) : 675 (d) Padagopas(foot soldiers) : 675 This force of five senas formed up in five groups i.e centre (urasysa) in middle, the right wing (kaksa) and the left wing (kaksa) after an interval of 12.5 mtrs on both sides and after another similar interval the right flank and the left flank (paksa). Each of these groups or senas formed up for battle in three ranks of three elephants each (three patti). Each elephant had three horse groups in front and two behind it with standard deployment as illustrated earlier. Thus making a total of 27 archers a head of each sena. The archers could effectively utilise their long range capability before close contact was made with the enemy and the change over placed them with the spearmen behind the horses, just prior to the two sides engaged in close combat. However in such a deployment the interval between elephants was at around nine dhanus or 22 mtrs which is tactically unsound and out of supporting range of neighbouring elephants , in any case Kautilya places the suitable gap between ele phants at 12.5 mtrs. The only solution seems to be to for